It made our lives incredibly convenient in innumerable ways. Glass, J. Wide-spread telephone and internet access have been life-changing for many people across the world, especially those in developing countries. Home; Dante Opera. Not sure what to do with your hands? 4 functions of communication in globalization We accept payments via credit card, wire transfer, Western Union, and (when available) bank loan. When we replace verbal communication with nonverbal communication, we use nonverbal cues that are easily recognized by others such as a wave, head-nod, or head-shake. { "4.01:_Nonverbal_Communication-_A_Definition" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "4.02:_Characteristics_of_Nonverbal_Communication" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "4.03:_Types_of_Nonverbal_Communication" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "4.04:_Functions_of_Nonverbal_Communication" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "4.05:_Interpreting_Nonverbal_Communication" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, { "00:_Front_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "01:_Introduction_to_Competent_Communication" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "02:_Culture_and_Communication" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "03:_Verbal_Elements_of_Communication" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "04:_Nonverbal_Elements_of_Communication" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "05:_Listening" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "06:_Interpersonal_Communication" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "07:_Career_Communication" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "08:_Leadership_and_Working_in_Teams" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "09:_Mass_Communication_and_Social_Media" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "10:_Getting_Started_with_Public_Speaking" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "11:_Research" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "12:_Language_--_Speaking_versus_Writing" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "13:_Creating_Your_Speech_Outlines" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "14:_Delivery_and_Presentation_Aids" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "15:_The_Informative_Speech" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "16:_Persuasive_Speaking" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "17:_Speaking_to_Entertain_(Special_Occasion_Speaking)" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "zz:_Back_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, 4.4: Functions of Nonverbal Communication, [ "article:topic", "license:ccbyncsa", "showtoc:yes", "source[1]-socialsci-42853", "source[2]-socialsci-42853", "authorname:colemankingturner" ], https://socialsci.libretexts.org/@app/auth/3/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fsocialsci.libretexts.org%2FCourses%2FSouthwest_Tennessee_Community_College%2FCompetent_Communication%2F04%253A_Nonverbal_Elements_of_Communication%2F4.04%253A_Functions_of_Nonverbal_Communication, \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\), 4.5: Interpreting Nonverbal Communication, Lisa Coleman, Thomas King, & William Turner. Retrieved from:http://www.artfulthinkers.com/impacting-your-global-communications-strategy, Leadership Made Simple. You will not be able to post a comment in this post. Survey of Communication Study. [1] The need for international communication was due to the increasing effects and influences of globalization. Railway lines were being laid extensively, as were telegraph lines, which allowed people to send messages across long distances at unprecedented speed. To begin to understand how to adopt better global communication, we must first understand the process of communication. 28 junio, 2021 . Facebook got its start at Harvard University in 2004 and eventually evolved into one of the most influential social media websites. Virtual assistant jobs are becoming commonplace, where employees from developing countries work with companies in North America or Europe, providing administrative support and other business services that can easily be conducted over the phone or via the internet. The internet has given rise to new developments in communication too, including search engines and social media. [11] They were all subsidized by their respective governments. It also promotes cultural exchange and conflict resolution. Artful Thinkers, featured an article (Impacting Your Global Communications Strategy, 2015) by Jamie Glass that advised the following when it came to understanding the global audience you will be doing business with: One content type does not fit all. "Intercultural Business Communication". In 1929, at its apex, Western Union transmitted more than 200 million telegrams. For some organizations, global communication is part of the day-to-day business, for others, this is uncharted territory. Victims of cyber-bullying may suffer from lows elf-esteem, anxiety or depression; depending on ones threshold to emotional pain. Many are now enrolling in universities across the world without having to leave their desk chair. New York: Routledge. Without it, ideas would not turn into realities. (Givens). New Media: Internet and Wireless Communication. You may be thinking that getting the right degree at the right college is the way to get a job. Nonverbal communication serves several functions. Globalization can introduce disproportionate growth both between and within nations. Copyright President & Fellows of Harvard College, Free E-Book: How to Be a Purpose-Driven, Global Business Professional, Leadership, Ethics, and Corporate Accountability, online courses regarding business in society, You can apply for and enroll in programs here, Deforestation and loss of biodiversity caused by economic specialization and infrastructure development, Greenhouse gas emissions and other forms of pollution caused by increased transportation of goods, The introduction of potentially invasive species into new environments. About. The first television broadcast, in 1928, marked the beginning of a new era of mass consumption of news and entertainment. We live in an age of globalization, Reinhardt says in Global Business. As a research prototype, it also wasnt publicly available. Heres an overview of the pros and cons of globalization in business. It also increased market integration. Think again! Immigration may, however, reduce GDP per capita in the short run if immigrants income is lower than the average income of those already living in the country. In 2018, 94 percent of South Korean adults reported owning a smartphone, compared to 13 percent of Tanzanians. We are expanding our understanding of fellowship and as we become more connected, we are deepening our educational experiences. International communication (also referred to as the study of global communication or transnational communication) is the communication practice that occurs across international borders. We use nonverbal communication to repeat verbal communication. Other cultures have their own belief systems, vision and understanding of what they want the business to be and hold very different ethics and values. When the Titanic sank in 1912, for example, the news was transmitted via telegram. Because there is a lot of room for error in communication, especially in a global environment, organizations must focus resolving the challenges of communication in a global context. These days, the internet enables people to send and receive messages instantaneously and internationally; with the rise of social media, people share moreand more quicklythan ever before. Because of technologies like the internet, we have the opportunity to view diverse perspectives that were outside of our scope before. A replica of Sputnik 1 in the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. Leading Change. In China, shoppers mayram their shopping carts into others carts when they want to move around them. Effective communication is the foundation of all kinds of relationships. It is also important to remove biases towards that country and its beliefs. Some renowned scholars in international communication include Wilbur Schramm, Ithiel de Sola Pool, Johan Galtung, Anthony Smith, Robert Stevenson, Jeremy Tunstall, Armand Mattelart, Oliver Boyd-Barrett, Ali Mohammadi, Annabelle Sreberny, Cees J. Hamelink, Daya Kishan Thussu and Chris Paterson. [2] During the First World War and the Second World War, radio broadcasting played a significant role in both domestic public opinion management and international diplomacy propaganda abroad. Typically the study of international communication includes a deep attention to the circulation of news among different countries (and the resulting imbalances, from which came the concept of news flow), the power of media organizations (such as conglomerates and news agencies), issues such as cultural imperialism and media imperialism, and the political role that international cooperation can have in enhancing the media industry (and society as a whole) in a given region, such as proposed by development communication or communication for development. So, in 2013, the Japanese burger chain, Freshness Burger, developed a solution: the liberation wrapper. 1876. Communication fosters education, trade and relationships. When communicating internationally it is important to take culture into consideration. High-quality, standards-aligned classroom resources, lesson plans, teaching inspiration, and professional development opportunitiesall inspired by our mission that Global Civics is essential for twenty-first century citizenship. Within countries, globalization often has the effect of increasing immigration. Communication allows people to express themselves, leading to social and psychological well being. Although we live in an age of globalization, we also seem to be living in an age of anti-globalization, Reinhardt says in Global Business. % Social psychology professor Albert Mehrabian explored the relative impact of various channels of communication in terms of the power they have to convey our feelings and attitudes to others. Analyze the nonverbal communication used by the employee in this video clip. Television programs produced in the United States have global viewership. Below is a list where the regulatory function of communication is done: (2018). 4 functions of communication in globalizationbrasilianische nachspeise mit kondensmilch Junho 1, 2022 / nonstop flug kapstadt mauritius / in roccat swarm installieren set the rules / by Do not sit downuntil the interviewer invites you to take a seat. Google-owned products such as Gmail, Google Maps, and YouTube provide communications, navigation, and entertainment services to billions of people. A class of Internet congestion control algorithms with communication delays is studied. In many parts of the world today, radio remains a dominant source of news and entertainment; it is considered to be the most important means of mass communication in Africa, where literacy rates are relatively low and electricity access is inconsistent. You will look too casual and relaxed. With this in mind, some firms, industries, and citizens may elect governments to pursue protectionist policies designed to buffer domestic firms or workers from foreign competition. Implement a centralized, company-wide strategy for multicultural communications, translation, and localization. The Third World called for ceasing their marginalized communication status. It is designed to produce many types of marking such as alphanumeric characters (serial numbers, time stamps, etc. I reserve the right to reject or remove any ads with or without cause. [23], John D. H. Downing proposed ten categories within which international communication should be conducted, Mehdi Semati listed the wide range of research subjects in international communication, which includes, but not limited to the following. [8] As showed in Table 1.1, the establishment of cable hardware signifies global power order in late nineteenth and early twentieth century. Teaching English as a Second or Foreign Language. To help overcome some of these roadblocks, organizations must familiarize themselves with the culture of the person(s) they will be doing business with and under what context, this helps to eliminate biases. Manage your account, applications, and payments. %PDF-1.7 Do not make ignorant prejudices against anyone just because it does not fit your own ideals. Sometimes nonverbal messages can be used to contradict the verbal message. The Google logo is seen outside the company headquarters in Mountain View, California, on August 18, 2004. Are you interested in breaking into a global market? Apple Computer Inc. Chief Executive Officer Steve Jobs unveils the first iPhone in San Francisco, California, on January 9, 2007. Students practicing at a Marconi wireless school in New York, circa 1912. You can read more about me here in The FB Story, check out my favourite posts or you can send me a note if you have questions (please be nice). Whether you are starting your first company or you are a dedicated entrepreneur diving into a new venture, Bizfluent is here to equip you with the tactics, tools and information to establish and run your ventures. Protectionism often takes the form of tariffs, quotas, or non-tariff barriers, such as quality or sanitation requirements that make it more difficult for a competing nation or business to justify doing business in the country. Oxford University Press. Authored by: Scott T Paynton and Linda K Hahn. The Importance of Effective Global Communication blog post was very well written and I fully understood the frustration of a language barrier that occurs when speaking to someone from another country. These efforts can often be detrimental to the overall economic performance of both parties. Shaking the head side-to-side to indicate "no," or to show disbelief or disapproval is used by infants to refuse food or drink; even children born deaf and blind shake their heads to refuse objects or to show others they do not wish to be touched. Smile and nod at appropriate timeswhen the interviewer is talking, butdont overdo it. In 1989, British engineer and computer scientist Tim Berners-Lee pioneered the World Wide Web, which paved the way for todays internet communication. from the University of Toronto and a B.A.H. [19] As explained by Douglas Storey, there was a change in style and strategy of American diplomacy since 1979 after the first addition of Glen Fisher's book appeared.[20]. His study gave rise to the Mehrabian Equation. Steam-Powered Printing Press Boosts Circulation. fast and furious eclipse purple . Combo is a 2-in-1 marking machine that allows you to meet all your traceability needs by switching from a portable to a benchtop configuration in less than 10 seconds without tools. When you can see the world through new eyes, you have the opportunity to innovate and really develop new educational opportunities, rethink how and why we communicate and create new systems to do both. According to Schneider, Gruman, & Coutts (2013), The communication process is as follows: sender sends message, encoding occurs (possibility of noise/bias/error), message goes through channel process, decoding occurs (by the receiver) and finally the receiver discerns the message. Not surprisingly, this makes it difficult to eat particular foods, such as hamburgers. [17] The New World Information and Communication Order (NWICO) was one of the major shift in the history of international communication. Updates to your application and enrollment status will be shown on your Dashboard. Later, people could communicate on the go with cellular phones. Weve already shown that some nonverbal communication is universal, but the majority of nonverbal communication is culturally specific. Beside this, what is the importance of globalization..? Legal. In the USA, the Radio Act of 1927 confirmed its status as an advertising-funded commercial enterprise, while in Britain, the public broadcasting pioneer British Broadcasting Corporation set up in the same year. And the top producer of movies these days, in terms of films released per year, is India. In all cases, net Program Fees must be paid in full (in US Dollars) to complete registration. There are also shortening of distances and growing access to cheap and easy ways to communicate, facilitated by new technologies. Rico Shen via Wikimedia Commons under GFDL and CC BY-SA 3.0. But, apart from journalism, international communication also occurs in other areas (culture, technology, sciences) and the nature of the "information" that is circulated can be classified in a wide variety of categories, such as cultural (music, films, sports, TV shows from one country to another), scientific (research papers published abroad, scientific exchange or cooperation), and intelligence (diplomacy reports, international espionage, etc.). In 2010, an estimated 44,000 radio stations operated around the globe. Samuel Morse sent the first message from an electrical telegraph in 1844, from Washington, DC, to Baltimore. Italian inventor Guglielmo Marconi received a U.S. patent for radio technology in 1904, three years after he claimed to have sent the first transatlantic radio signal. Besides the language roadblock, the organization has to understand the business culture and its associated nuances. OLEAD 410: Leadership in a Global Context, Impacting your global communication strategy. Today, newer advancements like texting and messaging apps have allowed for even more efficient international communication. Another wonderful benefit of globalization is that the world becomes more accessible and equitable in general. That kind of exchange opens up your sense of what parts of the world are accessible to you, which in turn lays the foundation for an evolved worldview. According to Schneider, Gruman, & Coutts (2013), The communication process is as follows: sender sends message, encoding occurs (possibility of noise/bias/error), message goes through channel process, decoding occurs (by the receiver) and finally the receiver discerns the message. Communication is the soul of all human aspirations. 2017-2023 Council on Foreign Relations. Cell Phones Facilitate Instant and Mobile Communication, The Internet Transforms Global Communication. Around a one third of Soviet urban adults and about half of East European adults were regular listeners of Western broadcasts at the time. Increased globalization has been linked to various environmental challenges, many of which are serious, including: While such issues are governed by existing or proposed laws and regulations, businesses have made environmental concerns and sustainability a priority by, for example, embracing the tenets of the triple bottom line and the idea of corporate social responsibility. No, Harvard Business School Online offers business certificate programs. - 1895, 1901 They have been writing to each other since the fourth millennium BCE, when one of the earliest writing systems, cuneiform, was developed in Mesopotamia. If someone asks you a question, instead of a verbal reply yes," you may choose to simply nod your head without the accompanying verbal message. WOLFESTONE. Both has a point though, and striking a balance between these two (2) clashing ideals can be challenging. Satellites, fiber-optic cables and the internet make it effortless to share information with those in different time zones and locations. '[16] The New World Information and Communication Order debate changed the trajectory of international communication. Effective communication does not merely include perfect grammar and usage, but good interpersonal skills too. A century after the telephones invention, Motorola placed the worlds first call from a cell phone (to its rival AT&T, of course). From the printing press to Instagram, technological advances shape how people communicate. 2023 Leaf Group Ltd. / Leaf Group Media, All Rights Reserved. Dont be too loud or too quiet. This trend has pushed international communication to globalization.[31][32]. Search engines, Ebooks, online courses and other virtual education give more people the ability to learn about subjects that used to require a certain level of income or social positioning. - 2006. If you do not receive this email, please check your junk email folders and double-check your account to make sure the application was successfully submitted. If your employer has contracted with HBS Online for participation in a program, or if you elect to enroll in the undergraduate credit option of the Credential of Readiness (CORe) program, note that policies for these options may differ. Telegraphs Make Communication Almost Instantaneous. That is, national economies are ever more tightly connected with one another than ever before.. Contrast this to many other nations where it is custom for males to greet each other with a kiss or a hug and hold hands as a symbol of friendship. Radio was the first technology that could instantaneously communicate to a mass audience. If they agree, that is good. Social media has definite advantages, but its global interconnectivity and growing influence in public discourse also raise concerns about such issues as free speech, user privacy, and data security. Write the answers on your answer sheet. It may be a good way to get an interview, but once at the interview, what matters? By 1907, just over a decade after the first motion picture was released in France, two million Americans were going to the movies at nearly eight thousand movie theaters nationwide. Lastly,groups aid in having more eyes and ears to review conversations, correspondence and announcements, and help increase chances of having better outcomes. Understanding these fundamental communicative functions and their examples is crucial to having a successful. The complexity of a dealing with foreigners with other beliefs, can create a roadblock of misunderstanding. The list of researchers includes Hofstede, 1991; Storti, 1994; Ansari & Jackson, 1995; Cushner & Brislin, 1996; Adler, 1997; Mead, 1998; and Marx, 1999. Taking a course like Global Business is one path toward quickly gaining an understanding of the macroeconomic, political, and social conditions that have and continue to have an impact on modern globalization. At the macroeconomic level, this international investment has been shown to enhance welfare on both sides of the equation. The rise in the use of the internet in particular has been incredibly instrumental in improving the ways in which we connect with one another. #CaryInLearning _____1. 4 functions of communication in globalization . National Aeronautics and Space Administration. You can apply for and enroll in programs here. While its true that individual countries and regions put policies and practices in place that limit globalization, such as tariffs, its here to stay. The development of the internet and easier means of communication and collaboration propelled us from those early days of globalization to where we are today: A few taps or clicks away from a co-worker, business partner, customer, or friend. Take two children taking an online math course together; a child from Texas and a child from Japan for example. Alexander Graham Bell on the telephone calling Chicago from New York in 1892. The combination of these changes meant that news began to travel much faster during this period: for the first time, news could reach people in hours instead of days or weeks. About.Com states that these are some effective nonverbal practices during interviews: In Japan, it is considered improper for women to be shown with their mouths open in public. Do not, in any way, participate in cyber-bullying. Using terms you learned in this and the previous segment (Types of Nonverbal Communication), point out specific problems. Today we are able to communicate with people across the globe at the touch of a button. Dont let your arms fly around the room when youre making a point. Source: London Gazette; New York Times; Smithsonian.com. Give 4 functions of Communication in Globalization Answer 16 people found it helpful aiks02 to convey to interpret to deliver Ingats. Communication is a very complex activity which some still struggle with. Thereby, mutual cooperation in upgrading information technology is a priority. Without it, ideas would not turn into realities. Today we are able to communicate with people across the globe at the touch of a button. Youve likely heard of the phrase "global village," coined by theorist Marshall McLuhan. And satellitesintroduced for military purposesenhanced the global reach of them all. Or you can check me out on Twitter @brokeinthecity. Rarely, if ever, would we approach someone and say, Im going to start a conversation with you now. Motorolas cell phone looked nothing like the ones available today: it was big, weighed almost three pounds, and could be used only for about thirty-five minutes. I knew a little sign language but it was much quicker to write back and forth on a piece of paper. The algorithm is a pieced continuous function that will be . sonning to shiplake circular walk. For instance, you may be upset with a family member and state, Im very angry with you. To accent or accentuate your feelings, you might useparalanguage to vocally emphasize the word very. ("I'm VERY angry with you"). The applications vary slightly from program to program, but all ask for some personal background information. Lesson 04: Global Communication. Retrieved from:https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1916378/modules/items/23640528. A member of the medical staff comforts a patient infected by the novel coronavirus at the COVID-19 division at the ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII hospital in Bergamo, Italy, on April 3, 2020. Though the second approach falls short of uniformity it permits higher standards by allowing some parties to opt out. These effects must be carefully managed economically and morally. An important milestone was the steam-powered printing press. Along with demographic definitions and assigned attributes, there are requirements to understand socio-graphic and behavioral traits. In North America, viewers saw, among other highlights, the Big Ben, the Louvre, and Sicilian fishermen at work; in Europe, viewers were treated to sights of an American baseball game, the Statue of Liberty, and a press conference by President John F. Kennedy. [27], Media development can be said to be independent media created by private interventions during the transition period through international intervention. We use nonverbal communication to regulatecommunication. Smartphones are so ubiquitous that analysts predict nearly three-in-four internet users will only surf the web on their phones by 2025. Many companies today hire employees that are located in other countries. 4 functions of communication in globalization. Upon seeing this, would you think they were having a breakup conversation?
Sicass Wr450f Street Legal Kit,
Nightingale Ward Princess Alexandra Hospital Harlow,
Mandy Gonzalez Vocal Range,
House Of Blues New Orleans Foundation Room Membership Cost,
Two Adjectives To Describe Jack London's Literary Works,
Articles OTHER
