why was france a threat to elizabeth in 1558weymouth club instructors

She changed the church back to Anglican and it has been the official . They had enjoyed religious freedom under Queen Mary, Elizabeth's sister, and they were now being. Her first husband, Francis II, had died in December 1560. The reasons for, and significance of, Mary Queen of Scots execution in 1587. This issue of divorce creates problems for Catholics. Phillip was warned against this mission but believed he was on a mission from God. The Netherlands had been part of the Spanish empire since the 1550s. Elizabeth faced many problems upon her accession to her throne in 1558 and, whilst the question of legitimacy was important, the immediate concerns of debt, as well as the threat from France and Scotland were of far greater significance as they instantly impacted upon her ability to rule. Crucially, when the Spanish ships docked in English ports, the gold was seized by Elizabeth. Another extremely important problem Elizabeth faced were the threats from the Auld Alliance of France and Scotland, two Catholic countries that England was sandwiched between. The threat posed by the pretenders Perkin Warbeck and Lambert Simnel. The relationship with Spain and King Phillip II was at a low point in 1587 as the two countries were at war over the Netherlands. Elizabeth wasnt able to publically acknowledge his achievements and when the Spanish Armada attempted to invade England in 1588, he was the vice-admiral in command of the English fleet that helped successfully defend the attack. Elizabeth couldn't restore authority and teachings of the Pope. Stimulus = Anne Boleyn / The threat from France, [Examiner commentary following each paragraph and at the end is provided in italics], ____________________________________________________. There are many reasons for this, including interference in English affairs from the Pope, Elizabeth's role in the Dutch revolt (which angered Catholic Spain), Mary Queen of Scots' arrival in England in 1568 and the rebellion in 1569 that was led by the Catholic Earls Northumberland and Westmoreland. - Significant political threat as her legitimacy and gender led to people not accepting her as queen. - I partly agree with the statement as both France and Spain were powerful Catholic countries, who could unite against Protestant England. The second concern of legitimacy again comes from the marriage of Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII. This was due to the actions of her father, Henry VIII, in 1533. This attack proved to be a major setback for Spanish preparation for the Armada. Queen Elizabeth has confiscated large portions of land from the Earl of Northumberland and given it his main rivals in the north and south who were both Protestant. By instinct, Elizabeth was a Overall then, despite the question of legitimacy being extremely important due to the fact that Elizabeth could not count on the support of many English Catholics and the fact that it allowed a rival in Scotland to have claims to the throne, the immediate concerns of Elizabeth were of a more practical nature. Elizabeth was eager to nullify the threat of the Auld Alliance (Scotland and France), which had been further reinforced by the marriage of Mary, Queen of Scots and French King Francis II. English exports to Europe were vital to the English economy and reached the European market via the Dutch ports, particularly Antwerp. Their complete failure effectively ended any threat Spain posed to the English. Doodle's Point of View In 1587, Sir Francis Drake attacked the Spanish port of Cadiz in what would become known as the Singeing of the King of Spains beard. The harsh weather conditions made it impossible for the Spanish fleet to return to the Channel after the battle of Gravelines. Catholic priests were ordered to leave so as not to influence the English Catholics with divided loyalties. Official Oxford 2023 Postgraduate Applicants Thread. The Student Room and The Uni Guide are both part of The Student Room Group. Continue with Recommended Cookies. Phillip II of Spain proposed marriage to Elizabeth. Drake knew he wasnt able to attack this port with any realistic hope of success. Elizabeth I is by many historians considered one of England's greatest ever monarchs, which heralded the 'golden age' in English history. He saw Drake as a pirate and therefore deemed Elizabeths act as deliberately provocative. As long as Mary was alive, the plots could always be deemed credible and many Catholics secretly wanted a return to Catholocism. The plot was uncovered whilst Ridolfi was abroad (he never returned). In 1570, Pope Pius V excommunicated Elizabeth, encouraging Catholics everywhere to rise up and depose the heretic queen. Suitable for the Edexcel GCSE History (9-1) course. However, there were other challenges facing Elizabeth. How much is the average salary for an overseas dentist? The Catholic threat Many Catholics in England were not happy with Elizabeth's Settlement. Design engineering imperial 2023 applicants, Border Force Officer - Core and Mobile teams recruitment campaign September 2022. The reasons for, and consequences of, the English victory. The plan was supported by various Catholic nobles, including the Earls of Northumberland and Westmorland as this would mean Elizabeth (a Protestant) could be succeeded by a Catholic queen. The Pope, as head of the Catholic Church, could rally support for these plots and for some Catholics, obeying the Pope was more important than obedience to Elizabeth. France however, thought her intention was to create war between France and Spain while England looked on. If Elizabeth made England a Protestant country, he could become a dangerous enemy. 806 8067 22 Registered Office: Imperial House, 2nd Floor, 40-42 Queens Road, Brighton, East Sussex, BN1 3XB, Taking a break or withdrawing from your course. Between the period between 1577 and 1580, Drake sailed around the world and carried out a number of raids on Spanish settlements and ships. August 8th: Battle of Gravelines fireships caused the Spanish fleet to scatter. [Blog], Medicine Community Feedback and Suggestions, 2023 entry A100 / A101 Medicine fastest and slowest offer senders, Borders & Enforcement, Immigration Enforcement - Immigration Officer June 22, Official University of the Arts London 2023 Applicants Thread. English direct involvement in the Netherlands, 1585-88. English Catholic Francis Throckmorton was the link of communication within this plan. LS23 6AD Apply for student finance without a bank account? Many expected a decisive battle between Henry II and Philip II. This Papal Bull meant that the loyalty of English Catholics towards Elizabeth was now always in doubt and placed a wedge between the English Catholics monarch and their faith. King Phillip tried to send two further Armadas in the 1590s however, both were unsuccessful. During this journey, they encountered several powerful Atlantic storms and this resulted in many ships sinking or being wrecked on the Scottish and Irish coasts. Here is a summary timeline of key events for students taking Early Elizabethan England (1558-88). Phillip II of Spain was reluctant to destroy his alliance with Elizabeth and therefore his support for the plots were heart-hearted. Elizabeth had reinstated Protestantism as the official religion of England when she inherited the throne, but that did not mean that there were not still Catholics residing in the country. The use of fireships by the British exposed this weakness. One fact that should not be ignored from 1566 was the increasing role of the Pope and his determination to undermine Elizabeth. The execution of Mary, Queen of Scots, finally removed the on-going threat at home from Catholics who wanted to replace Elizabeth with her. Calais was a French port which the English had occupied and was responsible for 80% of wool exports. Why was the Catholic threat greater by the 1580s? John White (another leading colonist) sailed back to England to report on the problems being experienced. Elizabeths legitimacy becomes a problem because of this marriage. Nevertheless, the answer has sustained conceptual focus and is wide-ranging in its analysis. See our A-Level Essay Example on To what extent should changes in the relationship between monarchy and parliament from 1529 to 1640 be seen as arising from divisions over the future of the church?, British History: Monarchy & Politics now at Marked By Teachers. There were French troops in Scotland, and this posed a problem for Elizabeth and the security of England because England was still technically at war with France. The Spanish plan to meet the Duke of Parma at Dunkirk was seriously flawed. As Phillip was a devout Catholic, he disliked Elizabeths religious settlement and Protestanism. The first being Elizabeth's refusal of marriage to Phillip if Spain. Most of the fleet was then destroyed by storms. Elizabeth made England protestant, which caused tension with the rest of Europe as they were heavily catholic (such as Spain and France). The Spanish sailed as far north as Scotland to make sure they did not regroup and return to collect Parmas army. - Financial issues may have led to her loosing powerful allies as she could not give important people grant patronages. Surviving colonists abandon Virginia and return to England. Babington and other known plotters were hanged, drawn and quartered. - Most significant problem she faced as if she didn't have money she couldn't defend England against invasions. Boston House, Henry believed that Elizabeth wanted France to go to war with Spain while England looked on and would benefit from the probable weakening of both. One way in which Mary was central to the Catholic threat was through her part in various plots to overthrow Elizabeth. How significant was the threat to Elizabeth I, posed by her Roman Catholic subjects in the years 1558-1588? Elizabeth's parents, Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. The Spanish had planned to come alongside their opponents and attempt to board their ships to try to overcome the enemy through hand-to-hand fighting. The plan was that 130 ships (equipped with 2431 guns) would sail along the Channel to the Netherlands, where they would pick up 27,000 troops, led by the Duke of Parma. Their union had brought peace between Spain and England, and Elizabeth's Privy Council hoped to maintain this. Spain and France were also involved in these plots and so there was always the danger of a foriegn invasion. The plots were often uncovered due to Elizabeths informants and Walsinghams highly efficient spy network. VAT reg no 816865400. These problems all led to supply issues for the Spanish Armada and had a major impact on the morale of the Spanish troops. The Ridolfi plot failed mostly due to Elizabeths allies passing the names of the main conspirators involved to her. After inheriting the throne from her sister Mary I, Elizabeth was 300,000 in debt. Spain had become a great military power as Phillip ruled Spain, the Netherlands and parts of Italy. - Leith blockade. -In 1558, Elizabeth the first became queen. Insolvency therefore limited the choices of the new Queen and instantly undermined her power. Looking back at historical examples, it might be because they did a . Francis Drake is knighted on the Golden Hind. Edward was succeeded by Mary, who in turn ruled for five years until her death in 1558. 214 High Street, Here is an example answer to the following 16-mark question on the problem posed to Elizabeth I upon her accession arising from the question of legitimacy. Good explanation and link back to the question here at the end of the paragraph.]. Elizabeth and Philipthese two powerful peoplewould begin their relationship peacefully, even warmly, but they would become enemies, facing off in a battle of empires and faiths that would . Another problem Elizabeth I had when she ascended to the throne in 1558 was the problems she had with illegitimacy. - death of henry II. Thereafter, up to 11,000 English Catholics were either arrested or placed under surveillance. . When Elizabeth I acquired the English throne in 1558, many believed due to the religious decisions of her predecessors, dating back to Henry VIII's reign, Elizabeth had inherited a country that was predominantly Catholic in belief. Despite the failure of 1585, another attempt to colonise Virginia took place. Even though a truce was decided, there was still a constant threat from the Scots and French to the English security . Te Deums were sung in churches, bonfires lit, and "their was shott at the Tower that night above two thousand . By spring 1588, the Spanish Armada was complete and King Phillip was ready to launch his, The Armada was a huge fleet consisting of, The Spanish also had thousands of more soldiers stationed in the Netherlands under the command of the. She was able to fight off illness, rebellions . The plots involved European conspirators and were supported by France, Spain and even the Pope. [Relative comparison made to inform the judgement here shows instantly criteria are being established, helping to signpost the rest of the answer.]. John White led another group to Roanoke, 3 years after the attempt to colonise it. King Phillip II had been married to Queen Mary I of England and the two had been allies in a war against France in the 1550s. Elizabeth and James VI agreed to maintain Protestantism as their respective countries religion. Spain did not control a deep water port where the Armada could anchor safely and this left them extremely vulnerable to an attack while it waited for Parmas troops to escape the Dutch blockade. What he meant by this was he had inflicted significant temporary damage on the Spanish Armada and it would regrow in time. The plots to overthrow Elizabeth failed for a number of reasons such as: In 1568, the Queens Spymaster, Francis Walsingham used his spy network to prove that Mary had supported the Babington Plot. Anyone refusing to pay poor rates could be imprisoned and officials failing to organise poor relief could be fined. The core of her legitimacy problem centred around the circumstances of her birth by Anne Boleyn. When Mary eventually gets pregnant, Francis is initially . This pleased those eager for her to marry, but made many unhappy because they did not want her to marry a French Catholic. He was younger than Elizabeth but their union was based on a mutual need for France and England to form an alliance. JPs provided the able-bodied with raw materials (like wool) to make items to sell. The traditional bonds between England and Spain were deteriorating and England needed the support of France for protection from Spain. Ironically the simple accession of Elizabeth in 1558 made any desire for a settlement so much more difficult. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. Elizabeth I - reigned from 1558-1603 Elizabeth I's first rebellion to deal with was the Shane O'Neill Rebellion, which occurred in Ireland and lasted from 1558-1567. More significantly, she was worried she would have to adopt a secondary role in the running of her country, as the period was very patriarchal. At the start of her reign in 1558, Elizabeth faced many problems it was a very tumultuous time for her. By studying this week, students should have an understanding of: . The rebellion involved a force of approximately 5500 men and, for approximately a month, the north of England (from Alnwick to Pontefract, east of the Pennines) was in the control of the northern earls. Explain why Elizabeth faced many problems upon ascending to the throne in 1558 . In 1568, a final blow came when some Spanish ships were blown off course into English waters, and the English seized them. Mary was forced to flee following her unsuccessful attempt to win back her Scottish throne. Overview of Elizabeth I / J. The Spanish Fury united both the Dutch Catholics and Protestants, who demanded in response to the violence: 1) the expulsion of all Spanish troops from the Netherlands 2) political freedom and 3) an end to religious hostility via the Spanish Inquisition. Therefore, France controlled the whole of the northern coastline and posed a major threat to England. Italian bankers from Genoa had lent Philip II money to fund his campaign in the Netherlands (which was trying to put down the Dutch Revolt). Am I doing my History A-Level coursework correctly? As the closest person to God in the eyes of the Catholics, obeying the Pope was of paramount importance and this meant Elizabeth had to be suspicious of other Catholic threats at home. Elizabeth lived quietly at her . After his successful raid on Cadiz, Drake sailed along the coast of Portugal and Spain, seizing Spanish ships and destroying supplies that were being sent to Lisbon for the Armada. In all, whilst the Catholic threat was increased through Elizabeths interference with the Dutch revolt, as it incurred the anger of the Spanish, it was Mary Queen of Scots presence that emboldened the Catholic threat. Spains forces in the Netherlands mutinied (as they hadnt been paid by the now bankrupt Spanish government). Francis Drake led an attack at Cadiz on the Spanish fleet, who were preparing for an invasion of the English. In 1565 the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire proposed that Elizabeth marry Archduke Charles of Austria. Pick a key scene from the story and tell it from the third-person limited point of view, through Doodle's senses and feelings. This was a huge sum of money, especially when you consider the annual income of the Crown was approximately 286,000. Elizabeth had given financial help to the rebels, however, remained reluctant to provoke King Phillip by getting directly involved. Why was the threat of invasion Elizabeth's biggest problem in 1558? The fact that the Pope never approved Henry VIIIs divorce from Catherine of Aragon in 1533 (and England had to break from Rome in order to achieve this) combined with the fact that Catherine was still alive when Elizabeth was born. If this union between Scotland and France became something, Spain could help England by attacking France from below. The Northern Earls staged a rebellion (1569) centred around Mary, aiming to depose Elizabeth and crown Mary, raising tension between the two monarchs. The English ships moved in for the attack and the following battle lasted several hours with 5 Spanish ships having been sunk. A war would have to involve invasion because after 1558 England had no possessions in mainland Europe (Calais had been lost in 1558). The failure of the colonisation was due to: the resistance of the Native Americans; conflict amongst the English settlers (who collectively had the wrong mix of skills to make the settlement a real success); the loss of supplies via the damage incurred on The Tiger and the fact that the voyage set off too late for crops to be planted (causing dependence on the rightfully suspicious Native Americans). Many colonists this time were poverty-stricken Londoners (it was felt they would be used to hard work and would therefore be happy to work for a new life in the New World). The problems arose as she ruled an isolated protestant kingdom surrounded by catholic superpowers. Elizabeth also felt she had no right to execute a legitimate monarch but also, executing a queen could set a dangerous precedent that could undermine her own claim to rule by Divine Right and fuel more plots against her. Philip IIs decision to reorganise the Dutch government and church angered both the Dutch Catholics and the Protestants. VAT reg no 816865400. Seeing Spain as a threat, Elizabeth tried to form an alliance with France. Marys clear awareness and support of the Babington plot led to her being sentenced to death in October 1586. The Protestant Elizabeth certainly faced difficulties upon becoming Queen with regard to legitimacy, especially from English Catholics and the wider Catholic world. This meant two of the most powerful European nations were now united against Protestantism, placing Elizabeth in a precarious position. The French Catholic League signed this treaty with Philip II of Spain. The local inhabitants showed little mercy to the survivors of these wrecks. As such, I disagree with the statement. VAT reg no 816865400. William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley, Burghley also spelled Burleigh, also called (1551-71) Sir William Cecil, (born Sept. 13, 1520, Bourne, Lincolnshire, Eng.died Aug. 5, 1598, London), principal adviser to England's Queen Elizabeth I through most of her reign. The Spanish attempted to regroup at Gravelines, however, the weather made it impossible for them to reform their defensive crescent formation which opened up an opportunity for the English to intercept and attack. Describe two features of Elizabeth's religious settlement 1559 5. This meant two of the most powerful European nations were now united against Protestantism, placing Elizabeth in a precarious position. Roberto Ridolfi was a spy of the Pope. This was signed by the English nobility and gentry and required the signatories to execute anyone who attempted to overthrow the Queen. Elizabeth had also reduced the power of the northern nobles and increased her own control over the north through the Council of the North, which helped govern the area. This forced the Spanish fleet to travel into the dangerous waters off the Scottish and Irish coasts. On November 1569, the Earls managed to capture Durham and proceeded to celebrate Catholic Mass in the Cathedral before marching south in the direction of Tutbury, Derbyshire where Mary was imprisoned. There was also a fear that France and Scotland, alongside Spain, could launch an invasion of England as part of a greater Catholic crusade against the rogue English Protestant nation. Seeing Spain as a threat, Elizabeth tried to form an alliance with France. Queen Elizabeth and King Phillip II were still reluctant to openly declare war with one another however, in 1585, this changed due to dispute over the Netherlands. In July, the Spanish fleet was seen off Cornwall and signal fires known as beacons were lit along the south coast to send the news to the Elizabeth who was in London. When Elizabeth I came to the throne in 1558, she inherited a difficult financial situation and a debt of 227,000. Native American hostility occurred from the start, however. Learning of the Spanish plans to build an Armada and invade England, Drakes mission was to try and stop this. In this sense, the colonisation of Virginia should be understood in relation to the wider conflict with Spain. From there we will look at the career . Become a Member | To study the ways in which Henry consolidated his rule. The relative strength of France and weakness of England was further compounded by the fact that Elizabeth had to recognize the loss of Calais to France under the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559, following a disastrous English military campaign under the reign of Elizabeth's predecessor, Mary I. Calais had been in English hands since 1347. migration? If those Catholics decided to rebel against . It was the arrival of Mary which also partly contributed to the revolt of the Northern Earls in 1569, which had brief success. A great threat was presented by Catholic opposition to Elizabeth's rule, but Mary's influence over this, and therefore the threat that she posed as an individual, may be called into question. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. Elizabeth I faced more difficulties as a monarch than any other Tudor. Best Answer. Northern Rebellion led by Earl of Westmorland. This significantly committed Elizabeth to support the Dutch rebels directly against the Spanish. The leading figure involved in the plot was Francis Throckmorton, a young Catholic man who carried messages between Mary and Catholic conspirators abroad. The English had drastically improved their shipbuilding techniques which gave them several technological advantages. Spain and France were the major European powers. These privateers also raided Spanish ships and attacked the treasure fleets that carried gold and silver from the Americas to Spain. The English Catholics now had no-one they could rally around and effectively lost hope of ever replacing Elizabeth. When are the GCSE exams for 2020?Which exam board are you studying? In 1558, England and Spain were still allies against France, but King Philip of Spain (who had been married to Mary) hated Protestantism with a passion. Over the last 40 years there had been 3 different rulers, Henry VIII, Edward VI and Mary I all of which had very different views on religion and running the country. This was important because it demonstrated the strength of Catholic feeling within England and highlighted how Elizabeth, after 11 years, was still vulnerable to English Catholics. He was a protestant and head of his country; however England viewed Sweden as a mediocre power and not a nation to be linked with in marriage. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! . The Armada sailed up the Channel in a defensive crescent formation which used the large armed galleons to protect the weaker supply ships and infantry ships. Sir Francis Drake and the raid on Cadiz: `Singeing the King of Spains beard. Approximately 30 ships were destroyed and tonnes of supplies were also seized including food and weapons. Essentially, this meant England and Spain were now at war. "The Scarlet Ibis" would be a different story if it were told from Doodle's point of view. Throckmorton was tortured and although he confessed, was then killed. Instead, her goal was to ensure freedom of worship for Dutch Protestants and protect Englands Military, commercial and strategic interests listed above. Many northern nobles were still committed Catholics and wanted to see the restoration of Catholicism under a Catholic monarch. Podcast: The Life and Significance of Alan Turing, Copyright The Historical Association 2023. Walsingham had established a large spy network and was able to intercept letters of Catholic conspirators and work with an expert cryptographer to decode them. Therefore, I disagree with the statement. -Elizabeth forced to impose strict penalties against Catholics (penal laws) which enforced religious settlement and protected England against Catholic influence. - Quite a significant political threat as both France and Spain had the power to invade England. (1583) was a threat to Queen Elizabeth. Pope refused to accept the divorce and marriage and as a result Catholics in England in 1558 did not accept Elizabeth as a legitimate monarch. However, the Act also established a national poor rate, made JPs (Justices of the Peace) keep registers of the poor and gave towns and cities the responsibility to find work for the able-bodied poor. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 1st point + explanation. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. The plan was discovered and the Earls feared being executed for treason, so in a desperate attempt to escape punishment, they rebelled against Elizabeth and tried to overthrow her. In 1568 Elizabeth also controversially stole gold from Spanish ships (which was loaned from Genoese banks to fund the Spanish army, against the Dutch rebels) that were staying at English ports. From 1566 the Pope had instructed English Catholics to take part in recusancy, and by 1570 a Papal Bull had been issued excommunicating Elizabeth and stating that English Catholics had no need to have loyalty towards their Queen and instead should help overthrow her. 1534 Duke of Angoulme (third son of Francis I)c1542 A Prince of Portugal1543 Son of the Earl of Arran 1544 Prince Philip (Philip II) 1547 Sir Thomas Seymour 1552 Prince of Denmark 1553 Courtenay, Earl of Devonshire 1554 Philibert Emanuel, Duke of Savoy 1554 Prince of Denmark 1556 Prince Eric of Sweden 1556 Don Carlos (son of Philip II)1559 Philip II 1559 Prince Eric of Sweden 1559 Son of John Frederic, Duke of Saxony 1559 Sir William Pickering 1559 Earl of Arran 1559 Henry Fitzalan, Earl of Arundel 1559 Robert Dudley 1560 King Eric of Sweden 1560 Adolphus, Duke of Holstein 1560 King Charles IX 1560 Henry, Duke of Anjou 1566 Robert Dudley 1568 Archduke Charles 1570 Henry Duke of Anjou 1572- 1584 Francis, Duke of Alencon, later Anjou. The plots to overthrow Elizabeth failed for a number of reasons such as: Elizabeth was actually popular which meant those conspiring to overthrow her lacked public support. France however, thought her intention was to create war between France and Spain while England looked on. [The importance of dates and chronology help demonstrate the long- term impact of Marys presence, which helps support the initial judgement.]. You may use the following in your answer: France and Elizabeth's legitimacy (16 marks) 'Religion was the main cause of the . It was the only major threat to Henry's security as monarch. Elizabeth was actually popular which meant those conspiring to overthrow her lacked public support. If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. 214 High Street, Boston House, Sir Robert Naunton recorded that the queen once said angrily to Leicester, when he tried to insist upon a favour, "I will have here but one mistress and no master."

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