retrobulbar abscess rabbit

It depends on the underlying cause. Doxycycline (50 mg) was mixed with 2.5 mL of reconstituted dental ceramic and infused into the cavity. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Consult with a rabbit knowledgeable veterinarian who will be familiar with the various options. Atlantic Coast Veterinary Conference 2001. Sorry it had to happen. Radiography of the cranium and ophthalmic ultrasonography helped to assess the extent and progression of the process. Calcium deficiency, diet and dental disease in pet rabbits. Case description: A 1-year-old sexually intact female Netherland dwarf rabbit was examined because of a 3-week history of signs of lethargy, decreased appetite, left unilateral exophthalmia, a previous draining sinus from a left maxillary facial abscess, and bilateral nasal discharge. Retrobulbar abscesses in rabbits cause exophthalmos withdrying keratitis, as well as periorbital inflammation. CAB Direct is the most thorough and extensive source of reference in the applied life sciences, incorporating the leading bibliographic databases CAB Abstracts and Global Health. Diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of dental disease in pet rabbits. Tooth root abscesses in llamas and alpacas: 123 cases (1994-2005). Systemic problems may also affect the metabolically active apical germinal tissue and odontoblasts.13,19-23, Diagnosis and treatment of dental disease are often complicated by a vague clinical history, examination late in the disease process, variable and nonspecific clinical signs, and the difficulty inherent in performing detailed oral cavity examination in conscious rabbits. Would you like email updates of new search results? Advances in diagnosis and treatment of small exotic mammal dental disease. Occasionally this can be curative, but since the origin of the problem is very often related to dental disease, this will also need to be addressed. 2007 Jul 15;231(2):284-9. doi: 10.2460/javma.231.2.284. Holy was put on antibiotics. The kindest thing in this case was euthanasia. This is to ensure that we give you the best experience possible. The rabbit weighed 1.0 kg (2.2 lb) and had a body condition score of 1.5/5. It was much harder on me than it was her. Ultrasonography (scan) of the eye can be performed when the animal is conscious or under light sedation depending on the nature of the animal. Usually an abscess is the result of a bacterial infection. padding: 0; Anatomy 6. J Am Vet Med Assoc. Abscesses may develop in the subcutaneous cellular tissue, in muscles, bones, and so forth, as well as in organs (such as the liver, lungs, spleen, and brain) or between them (interintestinal abscesses, subphrenic . Most experienced rabbit veterinarians feel that complete surgical removal of the abscess, along with treatment of the underlying cause, gives the rabbit the best chance for a complete cure. This can lead to problems when the abscess is located within the region of the eye, since the location is hard to successfully operate on, and the case is frequently difficult to cure. Here is an MRI of the head, showing pus extending up in the orbit and then down as far as the cervical area. .item01 { Kelleher SA. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Serial stomatoscopy and ultrasonographic evaluation were useful for evaluating the oral and retrobulbar areas, respectively, and are recommended for evaluation of retrobulbar abscesses in rabbits. The abscess cavity may also need debriding and being packed with antibiotic impregnated beads. She will remin on the antibiotics for some time and we will keep a close watch for future abscesses. Pharmocokinetics of penicillin-G in serum and nasal washing of Pasterella multocida free and infected rabbits. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 1994;24:2565. An abscess is a localized swelling in the tissues caused by an accumulation of pus, which is composed mostly of dead white blood cells and the bacteria those noble cells have killed. It can be caused by an abscess or a growth. If you're going to write an article, you're going to use the pic that's the most obvious and disgusting so that it is very clear what the rabbit's problem was and to encourage people to get their animals treated sooner rather than later. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co, 2004;421428. 2020 VetPartners Practices Limited t/a Willows Veterinary Centre, Registered Address Spitfire House, Aviator Ct, York YO30 4UZ. San Diego: Academic Press Inc, 1994;467472. It is important to determine the cause of an abscess, not to just treat the abscess itself. Dr. Martnez-Jimnez's present address is Lawndale Veterinary Hospital, 4314 Lawndale Dr, Greensboro, NC 27455. Vet Rec 1999;144: 540. Hey evereyone I'm new here! Rabbit abscesses form a thick capsule around the infection that effectively walls it off from the rest of the body. In:Quesenberry KE, Carpenter JW, ed.Ferrets, rabbits and rodents: clinical medicine and surgery. J Clin Microbiol 2002;40:10441047. }, author={Michelle Ward}, journal={The veterinary clinics of North America. Their breathing and heart will stop within a minute or so, and they will gently slip away. J Vet Dent 1991;8:1117. Dental abscesses in rabbits are unusual in that they seldom produce hyperthermia, can become very large without producing apparent discomfort, and tend to encapsulate and progressively destroy surrounding bone. Approach the ophthalmic examination of the rabbit, bird and reptile . If your library has implemented LibKey you will see in-line links on Search Results and the Abstract pageto connect you seamlessly with your librarys subscription access to the article. Rabbits should always be intubated during the procedure. Sevoflurane (7%) in oxygen was delivered by means of a face mask in a Norman elbow nonrebreathing systemb to induce anesthesia, and 2% to 3% isoflurane was administered for anesthetic maintenance. Stomatoscopy-aided dental trimming, tooth removal, and abscess debridement were performed. Accessed Dec 3, 2006. If the abscess closes too quickly, it will merely fill with pus again. Accessibility There are over 15,022,000 records available in CAB Direct | Last updated on March 3, 2023, In early 2023 CAB Abstracts, Global Health and CABIs Database Subsets are scheduled to begin their migrating journey to our new platform CABI Digital Library. Abscesses that form internally can be more difficult to diagnose or manage and include areas such as the uterus, lungs, heart, liver, abdominal fat, intestine and kidneys. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd. Swabs from the abscess were collected instead of a biopsy specimen because swab specimens have also been found to be valuable diagnostically.34 In an earlier study34 of dental abscesses in pet rabbits, the etiologic agents often included a mixture of anaerobic gram-negative rods (especially Fusobacterium nucleatum); anaerobic gram-positive, nonspore-forming rods (predominantly Actinomyces spp); and aerobic gram-positive cocci (particularly the Streptococcus milleri group).34 Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterococcus spp were not isolated from mandibular and maxillary abscesses in that study, but other etiologic agents have been isolated from orbital abscesses in rabbits that were not reported.28 In humans, P aeruginosa and Enterococcus spp have been implicated in orbital abscesses.35 Given the favorable response to surgical and medical treatment, it was concluded that these organisms were the true etiologic agents and that the approach was successful in obtaining a representative sample. . She's still on Bicillinwill be calling the vet in the morning. A concurrent medical treatment . The Nematodes Thelazia gulosa Railiet and Henry, 1910 and Thelazia skrjabini Erschov, 1928 as a Cause of Blindness in European Bison (Bison bonasus) in Poland This causes a high recurrence rate, since only a small amount of exudate needs to be left inside the abscess cavity for it to return. HELP!! http://www.VeterinaryPartner.com/Content.plx?P=A&A=503. Abnormal ocular or oculonasal discharge can also develop as a consequence of the eye irritation and the rabbit may show signs of discomfort such as excessive blinking and grinding . Hence, a rabbit that presents for primarily ophthalmologic signs such as epiphora or exophthalmus should receive a full dental examination. Retrobulbar and facial abscesses of periapical origin in rabbits often carry a poor prognosis [1,2]. Okayhere's the update. The retrobulbar space is the area just behind the eye. Dental abscess 03: surgical debridement. Bookshelf We aim to improve the lives of domestic rabbits through education, awareness, and rescue. With endoscopic guidance, an angled curette was used to debride and remove inspissated material from the socket in piecemeal fashion (Figure 3). House Rabbit Society Condemns Alleged Felony Rabbit Abuse at Peacebunny Cottage, Lessons Learned: On Two Decades of Rabbit Rescue, HRS Announces New President Laurie Gigous, Feed your rabbit a healthy diet, provide ample exercise and a clean, safe environment to minimize the formation of abscesses. It is possible some teeth may need to be pulled. Ocular ultrasonography performed 4 weeks after the initial surgery revealed no flocculent material or other evidence of an abscess (Figure 2). Harcourt-Brown FM, Baker SJ. Hematologic analysis revealed normochromic macrocytic anemia with moderate anisocytosis and severe polychromasia: Hct was 25% (reference range, 30% to 50%), RBC count was 3.33 106 RBCs/L (reference range, 4 to 8 106 RBCs/L), hemoglobin concentration was 8.1 g/dL (reference range, 8.0 to 17.5 g/dL), mean corpuscular volume was 75 fL (reference range, 58.0 to 66.5 fL), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration was 32.4 g/dL (reference range, 29 to 37 g/dL).1,2 The WBC count was slightly high at 12.7 103 leukocytes/L (reference range, 5 to 12 103 leukocytes/L), and apart from mild neutrophilia (61%; reference range, 33% to 55%), the leukocyte differential was within reference range.1,2 Results of plasma biochemical analyses were within reference ranges, and there was no serum antiP multocida antibody titer. and transmitted securely. Microbiological and molecular analysis of endodontic infections. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Tear ducts usually secondary to dental disease. In:Martin CL, ed.Ophthalmic disease in veterinary medicine. Before 2nd ed. Transverse planar ultrasonographic images of the left eye and retrobulbar area in the same rabbit as in Figure 1. aImage of the left eye and retrobulbar area at the time of initial examination. This was very abnormal for her as she is a ravenous beast that will eat anything in her path. 2006 Sep;9(3):657-65. doi: 10.1016/j.cvex.2006.05.022. Jenkins JR. Soft tissue surgery. Treatment and OutcomeStomatoscopy-aided dental trimming, tooth removal, and abscess debridement were performed. In rabbits, unilateral exophthalmos may be caused by: Retrobulbar abscess : Pasteurella has frequently been implicated as the cause of these abscesses, although culture is rarely performed. Our differential diagnoses for exophthalmia in a rabbit included retrobulbar mass (cheek teeth root abscess, lymphoma), glaucoma (primary or secondary) and thymoma. . The owner was advised to monitor the rabbit's weight and have dental examinations repeated every 6 months. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2002;5:341356. In:Quesenberry KE, Carpenter JW, ed.Ferrets, rabbits and rodents: clinical medicine and surgery. See Figure 1 for key. #2. You may need to adress this still or another abscess may occur. I agree. Recommended surgical treatment of such abscesses involves complete excision of the lesion, aggressive debridement of affected bone [3] , and removal of associated teeth or tooth fragments [1] . There are many thoughts on how to treat rabbit abscesses and much depends on the location of the infection, the cause of the infection and the general condition of the bunny. The pus is an accumulation of dead cells from the battle to fight the infection. Figure-4. Some rabbits can live with abscesses on various parts of their body for years by having them surgically drained as needed. Either-Employer-9216 30 min. .avma_container { A swab was inserted into the socket, and a swab specimen was submitted for aerobic and anerobic bacterial culture. Wills J. Coenurosis in a pet rabbit. This type of abscess is known as "retrobulbar abscess" leading pet owners to think there is something wrong with their pets eye, when in reality the abscess is caused by the decay on the tooth. Antimicrobials were flushed into the tooth abscess cavity, and antimicrobial treatment was initiated on the basis of cytologic findings and results of bacterial culture and susceptibility testing.Two months after the initial surgery, minimal exophthalmia was evident and no further physical, radiographic, or ultrasonographic changes were evident. Intraocular pressuree was 14 and 13 mm Hg in the right and left eye, respectively. We did radiograph her teeth, and did a thorough dental exam. Abnormal ocular or oculonasal discharge can also develop as a consequence of the eye irritation and the rabbit may show signs of discomfort such as excessive blinking and grinding teeth. .avma_container div{ HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help In many cases, enucleation is required to access the diseased tissues. Kirschner SE. House Rabbit Society, a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization, is the nations largest rabbit welfare group. Abscesses (rabbits), in Proccedings. 2nd ed. retrobulbar abscess synonyms, retrobulbar abscess pronunciation, retrobulbar abscess translation, English dictionary definition of retrobulbar abscess. . Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract. In:Fowler ME, ed.Zoo and wild animal medicine. Betty is recovering well, I think it was harder on me than her. Treatment: Orbital cellulites and retrobulbar abscess are treated similarly, as follows: Drainage via an incision is made through only the oral mucosa. Similar endoscopic techniques performed with an intraoral camera system have been reported in human and equine dentistry.29 In the rabbit of the present report, a 2.7-mm telescope permitted detailed examination and assisted in successful tooth extraction and abscess debridement. Unusual bilateral retrobulbar abscess in the rabbit. With the finally correct diagnosis, Holy has improved, her breathing got better. After the removal of the tooth decay, we used light-cure composite to fill . Pasteurella multocida, which is believed to be a frequent cause of abscesses in rabbits, was not isolated from the rabbit of this report.9,36. Antonyms for retroarticular abscess. Treatment for a retrobulbar meningioma includes exenteration to remove the affected globe and orbital contents, followed by radiation therapy. FOIA Retrobulbar abscesses Eye: retrobulbar abscess are also common. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Surgical or medical management of subperiosteal orbital abscess in children: a critical appraisal of the literature. Stomatoscopy confirmed overgrowth of the left mandibular second molar, and small spurs affecting the lingual surface of the left maxillary second and third premolars were reduced. A retrobulbar problem is caused by something behind the eye pushing it outwards. Retrobulbar abscessation is the most common orbital disease of rabbits, and the lesions are notoriously difficult to treat successfully. This is part of Dr. Browns Small Mammal Health Series. Endosurgical treatment of a retrobulbar abscess in a rabbit. The edges of the lytic bone were curetted back to healthy tissue, creating In humans, skin abscesses are often caused by Staphylococcus infections, but in rabbits, they can be caused by . The left maxillary second molar appeared to penetrate into the left retrobulbar space. Abstract Case DescriptionA 1-year-old sexually intact female Netherland dwarf rabbit was examined because of a 3-week history of signs of lethargy, decreased appetite, left unilateral exophthalmia, a previous draining sinus from a left maxillary facial abscess, and bilateral nasal discharge. Download Free PDF . display: flex; During this time subscribers will be able to start accessing subscribed content on CABI Digital Library and enjoy the platforms many benefits. CAB Direct provides a convenient, single point of access to all of your CABI database subscriptions. Apart from his abscess and the eye it's affecting, he's quite healthy: being active, eating, drinking, peeing and leaving droppings as usual. Pain - on opening the mouth, commonly associated with an abscess; Discharge - watery to mucky due to inflammation; Third eyelid elevated - caused by pressure from behind the eye; Causes. Her teeth are in good shape. cView of cavity debridement being performed with an angled curette. Clinical FindingsThe rabbit weighed 1.0 kg (2.2 lb) and had a body condition score of 1.5/5. Below is a discussion on what can cause this problem and what we can do about. He went in under the eye in hopes that he might be able to access the abscess without reomving the eye, but unfortunately that wasn't the case. For Librarians:Integration of your institutional LibKey profile with CAB Direct is very quick and easy! These photos illustrate the before and after repair of this dogs tooth decay. 8600 Rockville Pike sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal In:Hillyer EV, Quesenberry KE, ed.Ferrets, rabbits, and rodents: clinical medicine and surgery. government site. Peridontal bacteria in rabbit mandibular and maxillary abscesses. 24 Survival . Jenkins JR. Soft tissue surgery and dental procedures. Clinical relevance: Harcourt-Brown FM. In particular, successful treatment of a retrobulbar abscess in two rabbits by the "Septopal Mini-chain" is described. Clinical FindingsThe rabbit weighed 1.0 kg (2.2 lb) and had a body condition score of 1.5/5 . Endod Top 2004;7:3551. Lab Anim Sci 1987;37:6568. Even with intense medical management and surgical debridement, the prognosis is generally guarded for rabbits with retrobulbar abscesses because of abscess reccurrence secondary to incomplete removal of the abscess wall.36 In the rabbit of the present report, no signs of retrobulbar disease were detected 1 year after treatment. In Pract 1997;19:407421. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. The elongated root of the 5th maxillary cheek tooth has penetrated the bone and continued to grow into the abscess cavity in the orbit (arrowed). Medical treatment is generally unrewarding and surgical removal of the eye (enucleation) is usually necessary. Often, in moderate to severe cases, it is possible to make a presumptive diagnosis after having examined the affected eye and the mouth for the presence of dental disease. Sugar gliders are susceptible to infection with common bacteria, including Pasteurella multocida (commonly contracted from pet rabbits), staphylococci, streptococci, Mycobacterium sp (especially in skin), Klebsiella sp, and Clostridium.Clinical signs may be nonspecific, with depression, loss of appetite, and weight loss being the most readily detected. Your veterinarian should investigate any unusual lumps or masses as soon as possible. These findings were consistent with severe dental disease3 (Figure 1). Chauvin Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Harold Hill, Romford, Essex, UK. Thank you TonyI'll be taking her in on Thursday. Rabbit abscesses can be challenging to treat. The most widely cited data are from the mummy Nesperehn, excavated in Thebes, where a psoas abscess and spinal changes were recorded, which established TB's presence in Egypt between 1069 and 945 bc [47]. An abscess is a cavity containing pus surrounded by a capsule of thickened, inflamed tissue. Surgery will be required to go behind the eye, drain the pus and prevent any further damage. In:Manning PJ, Ringler DH, Newcomer CE, ed.The biology of the laboratory rabbit. Tyrrell KL, Citron DM, Jenkins JR, et al. 2023 American Veterinary Medical Association. Copyright 2012 2012 by Susan Brown, DVM. My 5 yr. old rabbit Sophie got attacked by a great dane a couple of weeks ago. J Am Vet Med Assoc. He has a retrobulbar abscess which we will be removing soon but I've noticed that recently there began to appear egg-shaped droppings. https://www.cabi.org/join-our-research-panel/. Bookshelf I agree that a lot of the pics online for retrobulbular abscess are ridiculous and I can't imagine how the bunnies got that way. So, my boy is facing some health issues. It may not display this or other websites correctly. a localized purulent inflammation of tissues, involving their dissolution and the formation of a pus-containing cavity. The site is secure. Worsening splay leg of the thoracic limbs resulted in decreased mobility. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co, 1997;339345. OPEN ACCESS FORMS, Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, www.vin.com/VINDBPub/SearchPB/Proceedings/PR05000/PR00293.htm, www.vin.com/VINDBPub/SearchPB/Proceedings/PR05000/PR00408.htm, Compendium of Animal Rabies Prevention and Control, 2008, Compendium of Veterinary Standard Precautions for Zoonotic Disease Prevention in Veterinary Personnel: National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians Veterinary Infection Control Committee 2010, Infection control practices and zoonotic disease risks among veterinarians in the United States, Influence of metoclopramide on gastroesophageal reflux in anesthetized dogs. It is the bodys natural defences to try and wall off infection to stop it spreading elsewhere within the body. height: 10px; Dorsoventral (a) and right dorsalleft ventral oblique (b) radiographic views of the head of a rabbit examined because of unilateral exophthalmia and a history of a draining sinus in the left maxillary area of the face. 15 synonyms for abscess: boil, infection, swelling, blister, ulcer . When this infection becomes localized in . (See. Register today and take advantage of membership benefits. No matter what treatment is selected, rabbit abscesses have a higher probability of returning than abscesses in cats, dogs or humans. The course of antimicrobial treatment was consequently extended until complete clinical remission was observed. O'Relly A, McCowan C, Hardman C, et al. Ophthalmologic diseases in small mammals. Ultrasound to examine the "ocular and periocular tissues will help identify a retrobulbar abscess." Finally, aspiration using a fine needle can help rule out other conditions such as neoplasia (abnormal tissue growth. For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding. That was last Thursday. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Continuing to use www.cabdirect.org Careers. Taylor M. Endoscopy as an aid to the examination and treatment of oropharyngeal disease of small herbivorous mammals. Before one can understand how a rabbit uses his teeth, one must first understand some basics of the dental anatomy of a rabbit. In the following article different methods are presented by which an enucleation of the bulbus can be avoided. 2005 Jan 15;130(2):50-3. [Fractures of the canines require attention]. Mamoray cassette, Mamoray HDS, AGFA Corp, Greenville, SC. He confirmed there was a mass behind the eye, but is was way back behind the eye. Pus that is found behind the eye will usually be evaluated for the presence of pathogens as well. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2003;6:629659. Small mammal dentistry, in Proceedings. Antimicrobials were flushed into the tooth abscess cavity, and antimicrobial treatment was initiated on the basis of cytologic findings and results of bacterial culture and susceptibility testing. That's good. Antimicrobial-impregnated beads were not used in the rabbit of this report because of the open tract leading to the oral cavity. It depends on the underlying cause. situated, occurring, or administered behind the eyeball See the full definition Accessed Dec 6, 2007. Gillet CS. The wall of the abscess should be cultured for bacteria and an appropriate antibiotic can be selected. Anesthesia was discontinued, and the rabbit recovered from anesthesia without complications. Can Vet J 2002;43:385390. However, this test is limited to the evaluation of the eye and the retrobulbar space. (You can unsubscribe anytime). Notice that the previous hyperechoic curvilinear line caudomedial to the globe is absent. Abscesses result from damage to the skin, followed by the attack of pyogenic microorganisms or fungi that leads to cell destruction and invasion deeper in the tissue. Complete surgical removal of the abscess along with correction of the cause gives the best chance for a complete cure. I work at a vet clinic so I brought her in and she was in shock and we had to bolus 250 ml of normasol and put her on oxygen. 2011 Jul;52(7):380-3. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2011.01077.x. She stayed at the vet at for pain we gave her rimadyl and baytril. You must log in or register to reply here. INTRODUCTION. Vet Ophthalmol 2002;5:227230. It looks a lot better than the one bunny I've seen immediately post-enucleation. The effect of the abscess (es) will depend on the location and the organs affected. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). 5197-100 SITElite handle and clarus SITEcoupler model 30100 (pediatric) eyepiece, Clarus Medical LLC, Minneapolis, Minn. T/pump system of TP22 pad and TP500 pump, Gaymar Industries Inc, Orchard Park, NY. Disease at an early age may also be attributable to genetic maxillary brachygnathia (in dwarf and brachycephalic rabbit breeds).3,17,19 The most likely etiology of secondary malocclusion is a combination of husbandry-related deficiencies. Hillyer EV. After seeing her regular vet, he suspected an abscess but wanted the eye to be ultrasounded, so we went to see an ophth specialist. RETROBULBAR ABSCESS IN A RABBIT 659. Unfortunately, retrobulbar abscesses are very difficult to treat due to the thick exudate that is difficult to drain and due to the location just behind the eye. Some abscesses are formed by a foreign body such as a grass seed entering the rabbit. Orbit and globe. padding: 0; 2nd ed. In:Jenkins JR, Brown SA, ed.A practitioner's guide to rabbits and ferrets. The rabbit was reevaluated 2, 3, and 4 weeks after surgery. This can prove long and expensive, and treatment may need to be aimed at palliative care, to keep the rabbit comfortable for as long as possible. Case DescriptionA 1-year-old sexually intact female Netherland dwarf rabbit was examined because of a 3-week history of signs of lethargy, decreased appetite, left unilateral exophthalmia, a previous draining sinus from a left maxillary facial abscess, and bilateral nasal discharge. Awwww. Above all, antibiotic-containing implants, which are introduced into the abscess cavity, show a high success rate. Surgery allows complete removal of the abscess and a thorough flushing of the cavity to ensure that none of the exudate is left within it. Dorsoventral (a) and right dorsalleft ventral oblique (b) radiographic views of the rabbit's head on day 16 after surgery to remove the left maxillary second molar. Notice that the material caudomedial to the curvilinear line is less echogenic than the wall and that the structure displaces the globe rostrolaterally. Background: Ophthalmic disease is a common reason for rabbits to be presented to the general veterinary practitioner. Whatever the treatment choice, it is imperative to follow through with your veterinarians requested recheck appointments and diagnostic testing to improve the chances for abscess resolution. Endoscopic examination yielded visual confirmation of a cavity, and maxillary and dental elements were visible through the gingival defect. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). To show you are not a Bot please can you enter the number showing adjacent to this field. The authors thank Dr. Susan Sanchez for assistance. Brook DL. Diagnostic investigation revealed anemia, neutrophilia, severe dental disease, a superficial corneal ulcer of the left eye, and a retrobulbar abscess. Taking the abscess out, when very encapsulated, is often the best choice, especially if the area already has to be opened up to remove the eye. An abscess is a cavity containing pus surrounded by a capsule of thickened, inflamed tissue. Citation: Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 230, 6; 10.2460/javma.230.6.868. Rabbits, hares and pikas (lagomorpha). Crossley DA. Continuously growing dentition predisposes rabbits to development and persistence of dental problems.13-15 Dental disease in pet rabbits can be staged.3,16,17 The precise etiology of dental disease in pet rabbits is still unknown and is likely to be multifactorial and include genetic, dietary, metabolic, traumatic, and infectious components.17,18 Dental disease can be caused by primary (inherited) or secondary (acquired) malocclusion. CAB Direct Two months after the initial surgery . Physical examination revealed generalized muscle atrophy, bilateral mucopurulent nasal discharge, and severe left-sided exophthalmia. background: #ddd; Volume 41, Issue 7. Unlike dog and cat pus (exudate), rabbit exudate is thick and semi-solid, much like toothpaste, making it difficult to flush. Have a basic understanding of the evolution of the eye . The abscess capsule is defined by the hyperechoic curvilinear line (arrowheads) caudomedial to the globe (arrow), and the abscess contents are the hypoechoic material ventral to the line. PMC It's too bad this had to be the solution, but it sounds like you and the vet handled it very well.

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