list of british prisoners in thailand

Ship sunk 21 September 1944 by an unidentified US submarine. Some prison cells have a hole in the centre of the ground that serves as a toilet for up to 80 prisoners at a time in a small cramped room. 6318 British and 2815 Australian POWs are counted within these deaths. Conditions in Korean camps were amongst the best a POW could hope for in territories under Japanese control. The ship left Singapore on the 5th September 1944 en route to Manila via Borneo, arriving in Miri on the 11th picking up supplies and human cargo and leaving again on the 15th. Both ships reached Takao (Kaohsiung) harbour in Taiwan on New Year's Day, where the smaller group of prisoners was transferred from Brazil Maru to Enoura Maru, and 37 British and Dutch were taken ashore. The entire march was judged later to be a war crime and started with many atrocities such as thesummary execution of some 400 Filipino officers immediately after the surrender. Both prisoners had their sentences confirmed by the Thai Appeals Court in September 2016 when they both appeared before the court shackled together. Sunk by US submarine USS Whale (SS-329) on 17/2/43 on a voyage from Saipan to Truk with 900 POWs aboard. Often used for staging POWs up and down the railways' line, the hospital was a base from November in 1942 until April in 1944. On arrival at Mojio, the POWs were split & sent to Moji & Kobe camps. All the other guards received long prison sentences. Toyofuku Maru (AKA Hofuku Maru/Fuji Maru). Sunk by USS Queenfish (SS-393) 1 April 1945. Disregard for human life andsuffering built this railway, nothing else would have done so. Known as Japans Gestapo, the kempeitai were guilty of some of the worst atrocities of World War II. There was only one successful mass escape during the war: The only successful mass escape from a Japanese camp-. 1,379 casualties are commemorated in the Chonk-Kai War Cemetery which is on the same spot as the previous POW camp on the railways' course 2km south of the town of Kwai Noi. After the fall of Singapore 50,000 British and other Empire troops were gathered there, but very quickly work details gathered several thousand men from Changi and these were sent to various projects on Sumatra, Burma, and Thailand and other Japanese occupied territories. Sometimes they were thrown into very small cells without food. This means that we may include adverts from us and third parties based on our knowledge of you. Conditions in Thai prisons are some of the worlds most notorious. Prison meals in Thailand consist of unidentifiable vegetables and rotting meat. Tarsau (Nam Tok) - 131 KM from Non Pladuk II, 284 KM from Thanbyuzayat. Some ex-prisoners of war and internees have directly or implicitly criticised the neutral representatives who were able to visit camps because they accomplished nothing with the Japanese authorities. The worst problem for prisoners in all North-east Asian camps was enduring the extreme cold in an undernourished state. 10/1/43 1000 Dutch transported from Java to Moulmein but sunk 15/1/43 in the Andaman sea with 961 survivors. Took over 1000 Australian POWs from Changi POW camp Singapore (probably Selerang barracks as that was the Australian camp) sailing on 15th May 1942 for Belawan/Medan in northern Sumatra. Wada was found guilty of causing the deaths of numerous American and Allied prisoners of war by neglecting to transmit to his superiors requests for adequate quarters, food, drinking water, and medical attention. This prison was built for the British by American engineers in the 1930s, using Sing-Sing (New York USA) as a model. His faith keeps him going, she says. Not one of them survived. On October 24th 1944 Commander E. N. Blakely spotted the unmarked Arisan Maru through his periscope on the USS Shark submarine. Generally, the Japanese guards were responsible for providing rice and other ingredients for meals, and the POWs took turns preparing the food. Besides, that sent on exchange ships, mail for prisoners of war in the Far East was by July 1942 being transported across Russia to her Pacific seaboard and thence to Japan, under an agreement reached with the Soviet Government. endobj There are currently no records online of roster lists, but it is often fruitful to look at other areas a POW could have been sent to locate anything. e.g. This article provides a list of prisons by country. They offered an escape to a different world and they helped me move away from where I was mentally. Elsewhere in the Pacific some 10 000 British, Canadian and Indian troops were captured when Hong Kong fell in December 1941 and further 5000 in the Netherlands East Indies (now Indonesia) in early 1942. The other countries holding UK citizens are Bangladesh, India, Thailand, the UAE, St Kitts and Nevis and the United States. About 270 died aboard the ship, from suffocation or dehydration or were killed in the attack or from drowning while escaping the sinking ship. James Morris is a pename for an international writer based in Bangkok who works on various international news media. <> Its inhuman, he said. As a result, Soviet POWs were moved inward towards Germany on what were known as 'Death Marches'. The Bangka Island massacre took place on 16 February 1942, when Japanese soldiers machine-gunned 22 Australian military nurses to death with only one survivor. This category has the following 6 subcategories, out of 6 total. As well as his mother, father and family, Lance is also fortunate to have the support of many friends who write to him and visit him in prison. Yet, nobody can prepare people for prison food! When Singapore was attacked in February 1942 Blakang Mati became a major target and the guns of were actively engaged in fighting off the Japanese attacks, even firing overland during the last three frenzied days of battle. See "Death on the Hellships" (pp. Sailed from Singapore to Moji (Japan) departed 21/10/43 with 1155 POWs. Carried 74 officers and government officials of the Dutch East Indies from Singapore to Formosa departing January 10th & taking 26 days in 1943. By the end of Sept. 1945, nearly all of the 32,000 Allied POW's in Japan . "Once you're on death row, the chains are welded to your ankle and they can only take them off with a wheel cutter after they've shot you or your sentence is reduced," he said yesterday. (Other reports state 548 POWs and no survivors. The four others were recaptured by Imperial Japanese naval vessels, where one died shortly after reaching land. Drinking water is also scarce. The latter womens camp was called Gloegoer II. Extensive data sources for those enslaved on the Burma-Siam 'death' Railway, highly recommended! At one point, when Lance first arrived at Klong Prem, the young man was also reported to be suffering from chronic tooth decay from poor nourishment and stress. The room was big, but not big enough for the 70 people it held. When in their cells, prisoners have only one square meter instead of four-six meters as recommended by the Council of Europe. Privacy Policy and Unknown to the Japanese, there was a radio secretly hidden by the POWs on the grounds, which provided them with news from the outside world. 2. Most were moved in groups named 'Forces' named from A to L in order of departure (see Destinations). Primarily a hospital POW camp it housed around 7,500 POWs mostly the US. The rail line was built along the Khwae Noi (Kwai) River valley to support the Japanese armed forces during the Burma Campaign. Debbie, his mother, herself alluded to this on Facebook recently when she said that although she was very happy that the process was now underway, it usually took a long time. He claimed he had been framed. The Junyo Maru had the worst death toll, 5,640 out of 6,520 POWs dying after the ship was sunk. Or by navigating to the user icon in the top right. As prisoners tried to escape the flames they were then bayoneted or shot down. At least, prison yoga is available to free the mind and ease the pain. Tha Sao 130 KM -Group 4 of D party from Singapore worked here. The most notorious use of forced labour was in the construction of the BurmaThailand 'Death Railway'. Changi was liberated by troops of the 5th Indian Division on 5 September 1945 and within a week troops were being repatriated. The following are some examples of deaths that resulted from Allied military actions; 32 POWs of Kamaishi Branch Camp (Sendai No. The ship was bombed by Japanese aircraft and sank. Foreign women incarcerated in Thailand are forced to live with more than 200 women - all stuck in a single cell, sleeping in tight rows. 10 0 obj On the other hand, some were closed. 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Inatsuki (Yamano) Branch Camp (Fukuoka 8-B), Osarisawa (Hanawa) Branch Camp (Sendai 6-B), Hiraoka (Mitsushima) Branch Camp (Tokyo 12-B), Kumamoto Branch Camp and Fukuoka Branch Camp (Fukuoka 1-B), Kawasaki Ogimachi Branch Camp (Tokyo 2-B) (aka The Mitsui Madhouse), Nagasaki Mitsubishi Dockyard Branch Camp (Fukuoka 14-B), Fushiki Hokkai Electro-Chemical Branch Camp (Nagoya 6-D), Toyama Nippon Soda Branch Camp (Nagoya 7-D), Toyama Tateyama Heavy Industry Branch Camp (Nagoya 8-D), Toyama Nippon Express Branch Camp (Nagoya 9-D), Fushiki Sea and Land Transportation Branch Camp (Nagoya 10-D), Toyama Nippon Soda Iwase Ironworks Branch Camp (Nagoya 11-D), Niigata Sea and Land Transportation Branch Camp (Tokyo 5-B), Niihama Isoura Branch Camp (Hiroshima 2-B), Nishi Ashibetsu Branch Camp (Hakodate 4-B), Yakumo Detached Camp (Hakodate 1-Detached), Yamashita Camp see Yokohama Ship Loading Dispatched Camp (Tokyo 19-D), Mitsubishi Heavy Industry Yokohama Ship-building Dispatched Camp (Tokyo 1-D), Nippon Steel Tube Tsurumi Ship-building Dispatched Camp (Tokyo 3-D), Osaka Ship-building Yokohama Dispatched Camp (Tokyo 10-D), Nippon Steel Tube Asano Ship-building Dispatched Camp (Tokyo 13-D), Yokohama Proof-brick Dispatched Camp (Tokyo 18-D), Yokohama Ship Loading Dispatched Camp (Tokyo 19-D), Zentsuji Headquarters Camp & Zentsuji Subcamp 3 (Hiroshima area POW Camp). There is no guarantee that Lance Whitmore will be transferred back to the United Kingdom immediately although authorities do seem to be moving quite quickly with his case. Camp, Hosokura, Hakodate Group, Japan, JC /207 Nishin, Nishiro, Tokyo Group,Kawasaki, Japan, JC /209 Shinagawa Camp, Tokyo Group, Japan, JC /221 Yawata No. J-Japansailed from Singapore on 16 May 43. POWs were then transferred to the Tamahoko Maru which was sunk 24/6/44 in Nagasaki bay with only 212 survivors. <> "One minute the person would be in the cell with you and the next they would be gone, although they have changed now to lethal injections. The Allied governments began negotiations for a second exchange almost immediately, but only the United States and Canada succeeded in reaching an agreement with the Japanese authorities. 2) by an air raid, 31 POWs were killed in Toshiba Tsurumi Branch Camp (Tokyo No. In 1943, when the International Red Cross agent in Singapore complained to a senior military official concerning his continued non-recognition, he was arrested and interrogated by the Japanese military police as a suspected spy. Left Singapore on 4/9/44 bound for Japan with 950 British & Australian POWs from D party group 4, sunk in the same incident on 12/9/44as the Rakuyo maru and 520 were rescued by the Japanese and a few others by US submarines. Torpedoed by USS Seahorse the next day on 21/1/44. Towards the end of the war, the lack of clothing was very serious, and POWs were dressed in rags. Some very good news for prisoners in Thailand was just announced today. The nurses heard a quick succession of shots before the Japanese soldiers came back, sat down in front of the women and cleaned their bayonets and rifles. Many prisoners, however, indicated that because of the availability of fresh vegetables in the warmer months and local fish during winter, rations were in some ways better than at Jinsen and Keijo. Thai prisons are known to be very difficult for foreign, western prisoners, without support both materially and mentally, to survive. However the fear of Aids encourages many of them to be monogamous. A harrowing account of the sinking and murder of many POWs is found in the book Ships from Hell: Japanese War Crimes on the High Seas in World War II By Raymond Lamont-Brown. CHANGI POW CAMP was opened after Singapore's fall on February 15th 1942 and was the main camp for the captured British and Commonwealth forces. 2-300 Australian & British POWs along with up to 5,000 Dutch POWs were forced to help build the road into the interior nearly 70km long between Blangkedjeren & Takengon. There are some RAF Nominal Rolls from Changi which were made in 1944 from the National Archives reference AIR 40/1899, these are very fragile and seem to be falling apart, unfortunately. In 1926 she was sold to a Japanese company and renamed Junyo Maru, and taken over by the Japanese Government in 1938. Although Thai prisons provide different training programs to rehabilitate prisoners, including making Buddha statues and giving a Thai massage, the truth is that some scary things happen behind bars. ; Catanduvas Federal Penitentiary (Catanduvas, Paran, Brazil) - also based on . Situated in Kowloon district, this camp was the largest in Hong Kong and the main place where both professional soldiers and the Hong Kong volunteer defence corps were imprisoned during the Japanese occupation. It is reported that least 1,000 of these inmates are foreigners normally held in Building 2.The institution is a huge prison complex housing both men and women. The Japanese invaded Burma in 1942 and in order to maintain control over the old British colony, they depended on maritime transport (around the Malayan Peninsula and through the Strait of . The bridge was built on a small tributary of the larger main river at Tha Mae Kham, some miles away from the Bridge that tourists are now shown as the bridge. The prison is a maximum security facility with over 20,000 inmates being held cramped and unhygenic conditions. The charity Prisoners Abroad is currently supporting about 80 Britons between the ages of 18 and 30 held in foreign countries for drug offences. Carried 1,100 prisoners from Manila to Hong Kong, beginning October 3, 1944, then from Hong Kong to Formosa, arriving October 24, 1944. Halfway between the capital (Tokyo) and Yokohama this artificial island in the bay had barracks surrounded by a bamboo fence. There was once a Roman Catholic Chapel and also a small library consisting of books collected from some of the houses near the camps. The Changi Peninsula had been the British Army's principal base area in Singapore. The camps were mainly set up in mines and the industrial areas such as Keihin (Tokyo and Yokohama), and Hanshin (Osaka and Kobe). This is less than the percentage for Japanese run camps as a whole and brings into stark contrast the fact that for this to be 10% officially, the other camps, notably on the Burma-Thailand railway were far higher than the average death rate of 27%. The standard work schedule was eight hours a day with one day a week off, but POWs were often forced to work longer. 32,418 POWs in total were detained in those camps. Some 12,000 of members of the Iranian diaspora met from all over Europe on January 16 in the EU Parliament host city of Strasbourg to urge the bloc to list Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guards . <> Around 1500 servicemen & women were captured in South Sumatra and many were taken onto Singapore. There is some evidence that POWs here received the most humane treatment from their Japanese captors and were given a significant amount of privileges not found elsewhere. Thai prisons, for male prisoners and hardened criminals at maximum security institutions at least, are notorious for providing poor quality rice and fish heads to those who cannot afford to buy their own food. The rate of pay was one yen per day per POW, paid to the camp by the company, out of which a Private received 10 sen a day, a non-commissioned officer 15 sen, and a warrant officer 25 sen. Officers were paid according to rank. None survived. The two bridges were successfully bombed on 13 February 1945 by the Royal Air Force. Though many people fly to Thailand to have more fun for less money, not many tourists realize that the Kingdom of Thailand is a country with strict rules and Buddhist ethics. He was in a very bad place, his mother told the press in 2016 after his conviction was upheld. Kachidoki Maru (AKA Kakko maru/President Harrison). To prevent the rescue of prisoners of war by the advancing allies, on 14 December 1944, Japanese guards herded the remaining 150 POWs at Puerto Princesa, Palawan Island, into three covered trenches used as air-raid shelters which were then set on fire. Many camps were re-designated during their lifetime hence some camp names may be worded differently or even have several versions. They were not allowed to buy food. Two months later, he was transferred to a camp at Cabanatuan. I shared my story and let them know what was going on, I even got myself in the newsletter! Up to 8,000 POWs were housed in this, the largest camp in the Philippines. DeKlerk (AKA Imbari Maru/Imaji maru, De Clerk). Jake Mostraini, the Australian man, must wait at least two more years to even apply and will serve a far longer prison term in Australia as his sentence in Thailand was two life sentence terms. All rights reserved. . He had his life term for possession reduced after he pleaded guilty. As the Tamahoko (6,780 tons) settled in the water, hundreds of prisoners jumped into the sea and soon a Japanese whale-chaser appeared and started picking up survivors. 14) by an air raid and seven were killed by the A-Bomb in Nagasaki Mitsubishi Ship-Building Branch Camp (Fukuoka No. While we all associate Thailand with crazy parties, Thai massages, pristine beaches, and lush forests, the truth is that the country has strict moral codes and regulations. A set of 3 ships carried around 2200 POWs to Moji however. He claimed that inaccurate information about him had been supplied to the Thais and this had affected his case. POWs never left the ship until September 2, 1944. This list may not reflect recent changes. Of 549 men alive when the ship docked, only 372 survived the war. Four other groups were sent to Fukuoka POW camps 1, 3, 4, and 17. Water had to be carried for one mile as the water main had been broken during the bombing. Now I could afford to buy proper food for myself, I didnt have to live solely on the inedible prison food any more. It is an ordeal and nightmare that nearly everyone can only imagine and certainly never wish to experience. Some of this is in English however many significant parts are in Japanese. The POWs were paid by Japanese Army regulations. Wales Maru (AKA Weills Maru and Byoki Maru). The senior officer of the Japanese army commanding General Tomoyuki Yamashita was executed at Bilibid Prison in 1946 after being found guilty of allowing the murder of unarmed POWs. By the time the war was over, a total of more than 30,000 POWs had died from starvation, diseases, and mistreatment both within and outside of the Japanese Mainland. Most of the causes of death were a disease, malnutrition, overwork, and poor sanitary conditions. These will contain the following sections: Camp, name, nationality, place of capture, fathers name, place of origin, next of kin and address, POW number, date of birth, unit and service number, date captured, mothers name, occupation and some other remarks. G-Japan leftChangi and sailed from Singapore for Japan on 26 April 1943 on theKyokko Maru. *4-The worlds merchant fleets by Roger Jordan 1999. The other 60 per cent were primarily miners and businessmen. Sailed from Singapore to Moji, Japan departing on 6/9/44 and arriving in Japan with 900 POWs on board. The 7,000 men within this unit composed of 3,444 British and nearly 3,600 Australians, the Journey took 5 days and ended at Ban Pong, although then a 200-mile march ensued towards Burma. These nurses joined up with a group of men and injured personnel from the ship. The young Thai woman had succumbed to a meningitis infection. Breavington asked to be finished off and more rounds of bullets were fired into the four.. Getting enough food was a daily challenge. Junsaburo Toshino, former Lieutenant and Guard Commandant aboard the hell ship were found guilty of murdering and supervising the murder of at least 16 men and sentenced to death as a Class B war criminal at Yokohama. In 1945, Lieutenant General Shimpei Fukuei (also spelt as Fukuye) was the first to be tried for war crimes. 73 Jaokunnen Rd, Ban Nua, Kanchanaburi 71000 Thailand, WO356 index numbers for specific camps within the National Archives. For Japanese from various parts of the Commonwealth, there were to be exchanged Commonwealth civilians who wished to leave China, Japan, Thai-land, and Indo-China. Donald the Duck kept as a pet of POWs in Siam -and brought home to the UK. This ship was used for several POW voyages including the delivery of Fepows to Fukuoka camp via the port of Moji in 1942/3. However, on January 9th, the Enoura Maru was bombed and disabled while in harbour, killing about 350 men. This included administering an elaborate questionnaire to all prisoner of wars in Korea, interviewing prisoners and even requiring them to write essays about their attitudes towards Japan. From cramped cells to unbearable food and prison brutality, the living conditions across Thailands prisons are notorious all over the globe. Incarcerated tourists often face shocking situations and poor living conditions. The railway had been surveyed in the 1900s by the British but the route was considered too difficult to construct due to the terrain of deep valleys and high mountains. Conditions at Camp Holmes were much better. In spite of repeated requests for the regular forwarding of complete lists, not only of captures but of transfers and casualties, the Japanese never appear to have set up an organisation capable of dealing even with the notifications of the capture of the 300,000 Allied nationals in their hands. Company guards were responsible for the POWs while they were at work. x]u\?t#-%""e! Meanwhile, Thailand's Public Health Minister, Anutin Charnvirakul, says officials are ready to approve the registration of Moderna's Covid-19 vaccine after meeting with representatives of its Asian distributor, Zuellig Pharma. Cruelly & ironically the Japanese frequently painted supply ships with Red Crosses, yet did not do the same for those vessels that deserved these markings. Burma-Siam Railway list of prisoner of war work camps in Thailand during the construction of the death railway, with diagram. About 36,000 were transported to the Japanese Mainland to supplement the shortage of the work force, and compelled to work at the coal mines, mines, shipyards, munitions factories, etc. endobj It is almost certain that had the war lasted even a little longer, the number of the POW deaths would have been much greater given the shortages Japan was experiencing toward the end of the war. Lance is a kind, caring, unselfish, loving person who always put others before himself. British and American prisoners of war on board. He suffered a stroke in 1999 and a Thai doctor, in jail for organising the death of his wife, treated him. Even though one of Thailands prisons, Bang Kwang in Bangkok, is sarcastically referred to as the Bangkok Hilton, the truth is that prison cells are no five-star hotels. Toward the end of the war, the IJA moved many of the camps in the industrial areas inland or to areas closer to the Sea of Japan because of air raids by the U.S. Air Force and in anticipation of the invasion of Japan. A machine gun was set up on the beach and when the women were waist deep, they were machine-gunned. She has been quoted as saying she would walk in there and take over her sons prison term if it was possible. In 1943 a work party from Java joined the POWs mainly for the construction of new airfields near Talangbetutu, 15 Km north of Palembang. When POWs wanted to spend money, they received cash from the POW officer and shopped outside the camp accompanied by a Japanese guard. Moreover, according to a directive ratified on 5 August 1937 by The Japanese emperor Hirohito, the constraints of the Hague Conventions were explicitly removed from prisoners of war from China, the United States, Australia, Britain, Canada, India, the Netherlands, New Zealand and the Philippines held by the Japanese armed forces and these POWs were subject to murder, beatings, summary punishment, brutal treatment, forced labour, medical experimentation, starvation rations and poor medical treatment. The ship was built for Lang & Fulton of Greenock as SS Ardgorm. The National Archive has a large number (56,000 not a complete set) of: Japanese POW index cards 1942-1945 within its collections (not digital) these are held in Catalogue WO345. There is some dispute about the length of time he will have to serve ranging from 10 to 20 years but it certainly will be a long term of imprisonment in a UK prison. Thailand is the most racist country in the world against ethnic European people. It should be mentioned that they had the greatest difficulty in obtaining the necessary permits for each visit, that during the visit they had to refrain from all reference to humanitarian texts in order not to anger the Japanese authorities, and that the latter always regarded them with suspicion and ill-will. In most cases, existing warehouses, company employee dorms, or school buildings were remodelled and used as POW camp buildings. He said that he and other British prisoners received much worse treatment than other Europeans because the embassy and Foreign Office had done little to help them. Changi was not just one camp but up to seven prisoner-of-war (POW) and internee camps. The surviving POWs then suffered treatment on a par with the worst of all the POW camps. Those who survived Outram Road displayed exceptional qualities of endurance, mental and emotional fortitude. Lieutenant Kenichi Nakagawa was sentenced to 20 years imprisonment. Some eventually went to a POW camp in Jinsen (Inchon), Korea, where they were given light duties, mainly sewing garments for the Japanese Army. The ship was later sunk by US aircraft whilst carrying IJN personnel near Mindoro Island in the Philippines. Prisoners Abroad is a charity registered in England and Wales. FAR FROM HOME: More than 2,500 British nationals are locked up in prisons overseas, DRUG SMUGGLING: Michaella Connolly and Melissa Reid have been convicted in Peru, AROUND THE WORLD: USA is the country holding most British cons, GRIM PLACE: Kerobokan Prison in Bali where Lindsay Sandiford is being held, GRANDMA: Lindsay Sandiford is behind bars in Bali. Briton freed after 17 years in Thai jails feels 'let down' by FO Duncan Campbell Tue 15 May 2007 20.53 EDT A Blackpool businessman who spent more than 17 years in jail in Thailand, including. The case of the Oryoku Maru collectively covers the seven-week voyages and fate of Allied POWs held in the Philippines, who survived the sinking of that ship in Subic Bay in December 1944, and the bombing of a second ship the Enoura Maru, in the harbour of Takao, January 1945, and the Brazil Maru which transported the last surviving Allied POWs to Moji, Japan. On Borneo there were Japanese-run internment camps at Batu Lintang, Kuching, Sarawak, Jesselton (later Kota Kinabalu), Sandakan and briefly on Labuan island. A survey of the track had shown that it's poor construction would not support commercial traffic. NEXT: 12 Things Every Traveler Needs To Do Before They Go To Thailand, A mix between a psychologist and a writer, passionate about teaching, human rights, and traveling. The first time I walked into my cell was like heading into the lions den. To-151 Kamioka Prison (Gummyoji) Yokohama. 13 0 obj These contain basic details of each POW and in Japanese on the back additional information - that on POWs who died is particularly informative. He has done wrong, but there is a reason he got mixed up in all that, everything that was going on, she said. endclothing sorry you have been blocked, tiny houses for sale on the beach in mexico, what authority cannot issue a medical waiver for the physical readiness test, factory cigarette rolling machine, cha cha matcha purple drink, orillia fire department recruitment, unpackaged prepared food that requires, leslie knipfing zookeeper, laredo obituaries 2021, gwen stefani natural hair, alison rich down's syndrome, nick kyrgios brother cancer, wakefield nh police scanner, lopez wedding hashtags, is orchid moss the same as sphagnum moss,

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