reasons for the adoption of federalism in nigeria pdf

Thus, federalism seemed to be the only option left for Nigeria because it allows for popular participation in government. Notify me of follow-up comments by email. +rohyC ! 9S ) ?roh _ O4C sR & Pf?? AK kyC?& Pf;_Hu j_ G$: 5/ This research work x-rayed federalism in Nigeria as the only basis upon which Nigeria can remain united despite its diversity and peculiar conditions in which the different tribal groups live in and proffers solutions to the challenges of the practice of . It argues that although deficient in popular sovereignty, the Constitutions legitimacy is moot since it is the operative law that governs the country. Federalism in Nigeria can be traced to Sir Frederick Lord Lugard, when the Northern and Southern protectorates were amalgamated in 1914. The political parties involved in the first republic were more formed on a regional basis. In 1963 Midwestern region was created and Nigeria became a nation of four regions. Your email address will not be published. In this article, i will comprehensively discuss the reasons for federalism in Nigeria. Indeed, whatever scholarly connotations they bear, one strongly believes that they all enjoy one clear focus. It was believed that federal system of government would take care of the interest of the minority and human rights that had been the fear of the minority under colonial rule. Despite the profound and lengthy discussions that have taken place on the subject for about four and half decades, consensus has not been reached concerning the optimal formula to adopt to achieve desired economic development . Nigeria as a nation has succeeded in commanding influence among member states by the virtue of its size. As a Nigerian, it is important to understand some basic things about the system of governance in Nigeria and why it is so. There must be a formal decision of government powers by the constitution between the federal and state government. /F1 6 0 R a group of selected academic teachers this book is suitable for adoption as a resource for a case driven approach to teaching "Corporate Governance" courses at an upper undergraduate or graduate level. In Nigeria, it could be argued that our federal system of government is the creation of British colonialism. The Emergence of Nigeria as a political entity under colonial rule was not an easy affair. %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz >> The United States, Canada, India, France and Australia adopted federalism because of the desire for security by the various ethnic units. REASONS FOR ADOPTION OF FEDERALISM According to IDEA (2015:3), federalism is adoption for the following reasons: Scale: This credited the operation of federalism to the adoption of democracy which allowed for citizens to participate directly in political life. If you answer to the above questions is no, then you lucky to be here. 2012, Issues and Trends in Nigeria's Development. /Contents 4 0 R (eds. Dear Chidera, federalism allows the creation of ethnic-based federating units (States). Be the first to get hottest news from our Editor-in-Chief, Check your email and confirm your subscription. There are other political systems the country could have adopted but because of some reasons which I am going to share with you today, federalism seemed to be the best idea. 7 Topics . Federalism is a mixed form of government where there is a general government always known as the central or federal government and regional governments which could be provincial or states governments. In this article, I will elucidate and discuss with references the reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria. THE THEME OF IMAGERY AND SYMBOLISM IN THE IPOB SECESSIONIST STRUGGLE, Abdul's Assignment on 711 Dr. Usman Mohammed, A nation divided against itself: Biafra and the conflicting online protest discourses, Ethnicity, Political Exclusion and the Resurgence of Separatism in South-Eastern, Nigeria, Hands Behind their backs: Making a case for a region-centred restructuring framework, THE EFFECT OF CRIMINAL INJUSTICE AGAINST EASTERN NIGERIA AND THE DEMAND FOR SELF-DETERMINATION BY IPOB. It came about following the necessity for administrative convenience and managerial expenses. Government at different periods had set up commissions to advise on the acceptable revenue sharing formula, especially as it affects the three (3) tiers of government. Federalism And Intergovernmental Relations In Nigeria. This prototype edition of the daily Federal Register on FederalRegister.gov will remain an unofficial informational resource until the Administrative Committee of the Federal Register (ACFR) issues a regulation granting it official legal status. politicization of ethnicity or the ethnicization of the politics of state creation that Nigeria has witnessed in recent years. What a nice and educating document!We are grateful for this post. READ ALSO: History of democracy in Nigeria from 1960. Military administration does not apply the principle of federation. Naturally, federal system of government has some distinctive features namely: 1. 1 Issue 2, BETWEEN THE PRISMS OF NECESSITY AND LEGALITY - THE IPOB PROSCRIPTION IN CONTESTATION_pp.43-57, RE-THINKING BIAFRA IDEOLOGY OF SELF-DETERMINATION IN NIGERIA, A (UN)JUST AND (UN)HOLY WAR? Nigeria as a result was divided into three provinces. Excellent, thanks a lot f Before the amalgamation of the Northern Protectorate and the Southern Protectorate in 1914, there was nothing like Nigeria. Federalism in Nigeria. However, that is not so in a federal government system. Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review (Nigerian Chapter), Abstract: The Nigeria civil war (1967-1970) provoked by declaration of Biafra republic had indelible imprint on Nigeria state. We can offhandedly list all of the reasons for the adoption of federal system in Nigeria. /F6 21 0 R At the heart of these crises are weak democratic institutions, which are sustained by bad leadership and a culture of impunity. Abacha regime, added more states making Nigeria a federation of 36 states and Federal capital Territory at Abuja. Nigeria is quite a big country with an area of 923,768 km2. Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation Another major reason why federalism was adopted in Nigeria is the multiple ethnic backgrounds in Nigeria. Wheare who contends that it is a system where powers are shared between central and regional governments so that each is in a sphere cordinate and independent. Since a strong bond links the process through which constitutions are produced and their degree of acceptance and effectiveness, questions over the Constitutions legitimacy prompted parliament to amend it in 2010. /Subtype /Image Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Parliamentary and Unitary system of government were in operation in Nigeria between 1914 and 1946. /Filter /FlateDecode Federalism did not return to Nigeria until after his death. This feature of federalism is widely believed to be a veritable framework for even and need-sensitive development. So majority if not all of them were in favor of a federalist system of governance. The effectiveness of linking communications has been a vital factor in geographical unit. A Policy Brief examining the actors, factors and dynamics of the agitations, questioning if the current agitation is another flash in the pan and if current responses are adequate to address the agitations for secession of Biafra from Nigeria. There are Benin and Togo in between Ghana and Nigeria, two of the former British African colonies. % These maladies have led to a renewal of the call for secession by the South-Eastern ethnic group of Nigeria for a Republic of Biafra, on the basis that they are being short-changed in the political cum socio-economic largess accumulating from the Centre. The federal system adopted in 1954 comprised a national government and three regional governments: Eastern, Northern, and Western. INTERNAL COLONIALISM IN NIGERIA Some of the reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria are the diversity of the nation and the desire for political, cultural and social identity of a people of over 250 ethnic groups, several languages, diversities and a lot of political traditions; the desire for some form of Another factor that prompted the adoption of federalism in Nigeria is the fear of insecurity and the desire for union. Your email address will not be published. To learn more, view ourPrivacy Policy. Dual federalism was dominant from the 1790s until the 1930s. The Hausa Fulani and the Minorities feared the domination of political powers by the Igbos and Yorubas. Thus, there is continuous agitation by many ethnic nationalities for a sovereign national conference in order to renegotiate the Nigeria federal deal to put Nigeria on the path of true federalism to guarantee her unity and co-existence. Minority Issues and the Creation of State | Week 10. The constitution must be rigid to avoid frequent and unnecessary changes. The first military head of state was dethroned for adopting unitary system of government yet successive military administration in practice follow unitary principle instead of federal system. In Nigeria, the main reason for the adoption of a federal arrangement was the sociological complexity of the society, its ethnic and geographical diversity. The fact that these nations chose to adopt a federal system does not prove anything; it does, however, suggest that federalism may help these countries manage the problems that come with ethnic . The leaders also were from different major tribes and also wanted a level of power. Critically, after that train, every other train went to Nigeria from Nigeria, indicating the enormity of the wall of enmity demarcating Nigeria from the sovereign State of Biafra. REASONS FOR LOW TRADE Historical reasons - India adopted socialist model of economy and policy of import substitution and protectionism till 1990s and civil wars and domestic instability in other countries Poor Connectivity- Due to difficult terrain on borders, poor development of inland waterways, poor border infrastructure like border huts . This is so because where federal principles apply, the various ethnic groups that cannot or dont form majority to produce large part may have the opportunity of governing themselves within their federating unit controlled by them. The Complete Material Will Be Sent To Your . Now, because the level of the development of the productive forces was still at a rudimentary stage, the pervasiveness of commodity relations was equally at a low level. 7 Cooperative federalism was dominant from the 1930s through the 1970s. It established that the resources of a particular state is not totally owned by the federal government. Thus, federalism is mostly considered a tangible element for coexistence, but much more, I think, as political syrup, for adumbrating potent dislocations inherent in, and symptomatic of pluralist societies. In this paper I explain the hows and whys of the minorities continued disadvantaged status in spite of the far-reaching steps that have been taken to ameliorate, if not eliminate, the problem. Abstract One of the arguments for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria is the desire for economic and political viability and development in a nation of uneven distribution of human and. 1. The origin of federalism in Nigeria can be traced to the colonial era. 7. I love this article,very educating and interesting /Parent 2 0 R Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. It should be noted that the Federal Military Government had earlier by fiat taken proceeds from offshore prospecting and drilling activities directly under federal eminent domain. The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) is publishing this proposed rule to revise HUD's regulations for branch office registration requirements. This allows the central or federal government to share governmental powers between the central or federal government and the components regions, state, etc. Nigeria thus consists of various ethnic groups and sub-national states, all of which are at the mercy of the Central government. Very often, the problem has appeared in twofold. Required fields are marked *. << Northern Cameroons should remain with Northern Nigeria but Southern Cameroon should be granted autonomy with a legislature of its own. This duplicity of government is not alien to a federal structure as identified, except that in the Nigerian case, there is ineffable strife for dominance. Reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria include: 1. Emphasis on indigeneity, the federal revenue allocation formula and the increasing formalization of the 'federal character' principle, to mention only a few issues, increase sources of tensions and potential conflicts. Also see: Differences between 1960 and 1963 constitution of Nigeria, reasons for federal system of government in nigeria. To begin with, the title of this book, " Last Train to Biafra " is allegorically evocative of the severing of, or rather the dead relationship between Nigeria and Biafra. Death of a nation - Biafra and the Nigerian question.pdf, The politics and problem of fiscal federalism and revenue allocation formula in Nigeria: Who should get what, how, when and why, Resource Control: a Necessary Element for True Federalism in Nigeria, THE IMPACT OF STATE JOINT LOCAL GOVERNMENT ACCOUNT ON STATE LOCAL RELATIONS IN SOUTH WESTERN NIGERIA, MEMORANDUM ON TRUE FEDERALISM SUBMITTED BY THE 'RESTRUCTURE NIGERIA' COMMUNITY AS A RESPONSE TO THE APC COMMITTEE CALL ON TRUE FEDERALISM, THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES & SOCIAL STUDIES The Legal Framework for the Corporate Existence of Nigeria, Intricacies and paradoxes federalism and secessionism in Nigeria.pdf, Civic Education Curriculum Implementation, NIGERIAN FEDERALISM AND NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT: PURSUIT, PROSPECTS AND IMPEDIMENTS TO UNITY AND NATION BUILDING, Constitutions Making, Amendments, Reviews and Nigerias Political Development: Federalism was further adopted because the developed countries from which Nigeria borrowed democracy practice federalism. Have you ever wondered why Nigeria is practicing a federal system of government and not any other system? Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. Each document posted on the site includes a link to the corresponding official PDF file on govinfo.gov. +rohyC ! 9S ) ?roh _ O4C sR & Pf?? AK kyC?& Pf;_Hu j_ G$: 5/ This is because federalism is presented as a panacea in organizing distinct political identities under a state. Ethnic, Religious and Geographical Factor 3.5 5. Federalism can be defined as a system of government in which political powers of the state are shared between the central government and other component units. In Nigeria, there are different and distinct ethnic groups brought together by colonization. Despite that, instead of unity, cooperation and consensus, there has been apparent division, disagreement, and dissension. |4-Iv The United States, Canada, India, France and Australia adopted federalism because of the desire for security by the various ethnic units. Multi-Ethnicity Nigeria is a country with a lot of ethnic groups. It also decided that the Public . British North American colonies unite 3 Up to 1867, the colonies 4 of British North America had no political or geographical links. Thus, Nigeria's federalism is not only complex but also hard to understand. It has been suggested that the creation of more states and local government have helped in the distribution of national cake. Federalism is a system of government where there are a decentralization power and autonomy of governance to the regional or federated states that share sovereignty with the Federal Government. Since 1954 successively Nigerian constitution had adopted the federal system of government without much emphasis on the unity or disunity it has accorded to Nigeria. Unity of the country: 3.3 3. Mere desire to unite is not enough but there must be the desire to remain separate in respect to other matters. This paper explores the issue of unification federalism in Nigeria, which has been an obstacle to peace, development and threats to security .The findings from an extensive reading of related materials suggest that, the root of contemporary political conflict and underdevelopment in Nigeria political landscape shows clearly in the area of Many Nigerian ethnic groups began to agitate for their own states. Historical experience 3.2 2. Given the size of Nigeria, it lays claims to being the Giant of Africa. Many nations in the international community recognizes her as such. In the same way, the political culture of the United States is civic, republican and participatory. 4 0 obj Since Nigeria is a heterogeneous nation and Federalism is more practicable in such kind of nation, it is an ideal system of government. Each state has the same level of self-governance. In order to examine these issues, this paper adopted qualitative research and intrinsic approach methodology, along with relative deprivation theory. The intimidating size of Nigeria does not only earn her an international respect but also provides her with a buffer to attacks by rogue nations and disgruntled neighbours. In developing countries like India, Iraq and Nigeria, federalism has either failed to close developmental gaps and ethno-communal tensions among various states or, more worryingly, in some. What were the reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria? This particular corroborated federalism in Nigeria. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] Nigeria can be said to be operating the federal system of government, whereas in actual practice, the country is tending towards a unitary system. ), Constitutionalism, Constitution Making and Constitutional Reform in Africa: Contemporary Perspectives from Sub-Saharan Africa, Chapter IX: The politics and policies of oil deregulation in Nigeria: Implications and policy suggestions. Book excerpt: Defensive Federalism presents an original contribution to the field of federalism and multinational democracies, exploring the concept of defensive federalism as a protection of self- government against the "tyranny of the majority". To make mortgage industry standards more flexible and modernized, the proposed rule would remove the requirement that lenders and mortgagees register with HUD each branch office . Size and population of a country is among the determinants of the level of power and influence which a country commands. So for effective governance of a country of this big size, federalism has to be adopted. From the above explanation, one can rightly say that the constitution of Nigeria and United States of America are federal constitutions while the constitution of France and the Republic of Ireland are Unitary constitutions. Unfortunately, to suit their interests and political agenda, the federal and state governments over time immemorial have maintained great level of . Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. We appreciate you. That notwithstanding, The origin and concept of federalism boasts of a very popular definition by an American scholar, K.C. This understanding is also in tune with that of Jinadu (1979:15), who insists that Federalism is usually viewed as a form of governmental and institutional structure, deliberately designed by political architects, to cope with the twin but difficult task of maintaining unity while also preserving diversity. It is no news, therefore, that the peoples of Nigeria are diverse in different respects culturally, historically, socially, religiously, educationally, industriously, and even philosophically. Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. Stated reasons of the coup were prevailing gangsterism and disorder, corruption and nepotism in the civil government. Not minding the general relevance of these coinages, an arduous task lies in properly assessing their specific impacts in a given political enclave. Edeh Samuel Chukwuemeka ACMC, is a Law Student and a Certified Mediator/Conciliator in Nigeria. 3 Reasons for federal system of government in Nigeria 3.1 1. It submits that the problem with constitutionalism in Nigeria is poor leadership and poor implementation of the Constitution. The disadvantages are that it can set off a race to the bottom among states, cause cross-state economic and social disparities, and obstruct federal efforts . Besides the Big Three Igbo, Hausa and Yoruba, there are other macro and micro ethnic minorities in the country. by the federal or any state government. +roiF9_? AK ku nh4P9\ }}31Ik "V mk@G~ . Federalism shares power between the central and regional governments; thus promoting efficiency in service delivery and governance. As a result, issues relating to marginalization, economic imbalance, social alienation, ethnic suspicion and superior-subordination contestation are recurring malaises in the system. /Filter /DCTDecode Peter W I L F R E D Naankiel, FRED EKPE F. AYOKHAI, Covenant University Journal of Politics and International Affairs, African Journal of Political Science and International Relations, African Journal of Governance and Development, Calabar Journal of Politics and Administration, International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Research, International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development, Under Reconstruction: Ethnicity, Ethnic Nationalism, and the Future of the Nigerian State, Institutional Engineering and the Survival of Nigerian Federalism, " Managing a Plural Society : the Boomerang Effects of Nigerian Federalism' Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics , 27, 1-2 (July 1989), 218-245, An Historical Interrogation of Federalism berlin, THE PRACTICE OF TRUE FEDERALISM IN NIGERIA AND THE NIGER DELTA QUESTION, "The dawn of constitutionalism in Nigeria in Mbondenyi, M. K., and Ojienda T. And this is one of the factors responsible for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria. By the time Nigeria got her independence, the various party involved had been regionally based. This regional arrangement gave rise to ethnic sentiment and political struggle for the center among the three major ethnic groups in Nigeria. Also, Read: Bad Leadership Causes, Effects And Solutions In Nigeria. five reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria explained. Federalism will shape the long-term health and economic impacts of COVID-19, including plans for the future, for at least two reasons: First, federalism exacerbates inequities, as some states have a history of underinvesting in social programs, especially in certain communities. Required fields are marked *. Best information base for latest information both national and international. The logic for this call, nay, agitation for self-determination by this group is not faulty in itself except that the laws of the land; Nigeria 1999 Constitution (as amended) does not guarantee self-determination or secession by any group of the Nigerian political environment. However, the practice of fiscal federalism in Nigeria is a negation of true federalism. By the time Nigeria became a republic, the system of federalism was adopted and the country was considered as a federation of three regions. +rohyC ! 9S ) ?roh _ O4C sR & Pf?? AK kyC?& Pf;_Hu j_ G$: 5/ Also read: Highest paying law firms in Nigeria. Granted is the fact that federalism was launched in Nigeria by expatriate leaders, its continued existence since independence is standing firm on the interest of the indegeneous leaders. In the first place, therefore, the contemplation of a federal pact is one of an overwhelming outcome of the emphatic need to handle the above concerns acceptably. . It discovered a positive relationship between the changes in the fiscal structure and the aggravation of ethnic minorities' struggles. Meaningful studies, especially the comparative study of Vile, have significantly shown that emerging challenges of conflict, cooperation and competition amongst levels of government in classical federalist states such as U.S., Canada and Australia, are important rationales for federating as well as the hallmarks of federal government (Vile, cited in Jinadu, 1979). Fiscal Federalism and Democratic Governance in Nigeria - I. O. Taiwo 2004 And even now we can see the population of Nigeria compared to other countries in Africa. stream Roxy Horner biography: who is Jack Whitehalls girlfriend? Instead of designing a government that should unite the different elements in Nigeria, the colonialists fully adopted federal stem of government in 1954 and created greater regional autonomy. ! /F2 9 0 R This paper consequently argues that the anxiety as well as angst attributable to this agitation has the tendencies of not only disrupting the relative-peace presently enjoyed by the various groups, but is also, if not controlled, capable of plunging the country into a state of economic comatose and perpetual fragility. Problems of Nigerian Federalism 1) Revenue Allocation: This has been a problem in Nigeria. In examining post-independence constitution-making in Nigeria, this chapter finds that military rule blighted Nigerias capacity to respond appropriately to the challenges of federalism. The constitution emphasized areas of authority between the central government and the regions. Also see: Reasons why lawyers wear wigs to court, Origin and nature of federalism in Nigeria. Federalism is a type of government in which the sovereign authority of political power is usually divided between two units. Federalism in India. For instance, such noun phrases like: nationality, nation, citizenship, identity, ethnicity, ethnic group, indigene, state of origin, etc, are inherently conflict laden, with abundant intellectual understandings. Here, both the majority and minority are represented in the government.

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