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Not until Algeria's civil war in the 1990s did the country again experience substantial outmigration. ), general assessment: Algeria has a steadily developing telecom infrastructure with growth encouraged by supportive regulatory measures and by government policies aimed at delivering serviceable internet connections across the country; mobile broadband is largely based on 3G and LTE, and the data rates are also low in global terms; LTE is available in all provinces, investment is required from the mobile network operators (MNOs) to improve the quality of service; the state has previously been hesitant to commit to 5G, instead encouraging the MNOs to undertake upgrades to LTE infrastructure before investing in commercial 5G services; in March 2022, the state is in the process of freeing up the requisite spectrum to enable the MNOs to launch 5G services sometime this year; fixed internet speeds remain slow (2022)domestic: a limited network of fixed-lines with a teledensity of slightly less than 11 telephones per 100 persons has been offset by the rapid increase in mobile-cellular subscribership; mobile-cellular teledensity was approximately 104 telephones per 100 persons in 2020 (2020)international: country code - 213;ALPAL-2 is a submarine telecommunications cable system in the Mediterranean Sea linking Algeria and the Spanish Balearic island of Majorca;ORVAL is a submarine cable to Spain; landing points for the TE North/TGN-Eurasia/SEACOM/SeaMeWe-4 fiber-optic submarine cable system that provides links to Europe, the Middle East, and Asia; MED cable connecting Algeria with France;microwave radio relay to Italy, France, Spain, Morocco, and Tunisia;Algeria part of the 4,500 Km terrestrial Trans Sahara Backbone network which connects to other fiber networks in the region; Alcomstat-1 satellite offering telemedicine network (2020)note: the COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a significant impact on production and supply chains globally; since 2020, some aspects of the telecom sector have experienced a downturn, particularly in mobile device production; progress toward 5G implementation has resumed, as well as upgrades to infrastructure; consumer spending on telecom services has increased due to the surge in demand for capacity and bandwidth; the crucial nature of telecom services as a tool for work and school from home is still evident, and the spike in this area has seen growth opportunities for development of new tools and increased services, state-run Radio-Television Algerienne operates the broadcast media and carries programming in Arabic, Berber dialects, and French; use of satellite dishes is widespread, providing easy access to European and Arab satellite stations; state-run radio operates several national networks and roughly 40 regional radio stations, total: 27,626,157 (2020 est. The remote location of the camps and lack of government presence resulted in a lack of access by police and courts. See the Department of StatesAnnual Report on International Parental Child Abductionathttps://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/International-Parental-Child-Abduction/for-providers/legal-reports-and-data.html. [1] Quid 1993, ditions Robert Laffont, Paris, 1992. The first two digits are the same as the two-digit ISO Some terrorist groups remained active in the country, including al-Qaida in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) and an ISIS affiliate, Jund al-Khilafah. ), municipal solid waste generated annually: 12,378,740 tons (2016 est. Arrested individuals reported that authorities held them for four to eight hours before releasing them without charges. 1902-12-24: Parts of the military territories - the cercles marked with an asterisk (*) above, with minor )nuclear: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est. Nongovernmental observers believed pretrial detainees comprised a significant portion of the total detainee and prisoner population but did not have specific statistics. [9] Encyclopdia Britannica World Atlas, 1957 edition. The law criminalizes public indecency and consensual same-sex sexual relations between adult men or women, with penalties that include imprisonment of six months to three years and a fine of DZD 1,000 to DZD 10,000 ($8.50 to $85). LGBTI status is not, in itself, criminalized; however, LGBTI persons may face criminal prosecution under legal provisions concerning prostitution, public indecency, and associating with bad characters. By law workers may strike only after 14 days of mandatory conciliation or mediation. Update 15 to the GEC, the successor to the FIPS standard, is dated 2014-03-31. [2] Masson, Jean-Louis. Exercise increased caution in Algeria due to terrorism and kidnapping. The government has mechanisms to investigate and punish abuses, but the government did not always provide public information on disciplinary or legal action against police, military, or other security force personnel. )exports: 42,667,386,000 cubic meters (2019 est. The law provides sentences of six months to five years in prison and fines between DZD 50,000 and DZD 500,000 ($425 and $4,252) for users who do not comply with the law, including the obligation to cooperate with law enforcement authorities against cybercrime. )$59.434 billion (31 December 2020 est. Alger: Algeri (Italian); Algiers (English); Algier (Danish, German); al-Jazair, al-Djazair, El Djazar (Arabic); Media reporting and public opinion viewed the absence of charges against the most senior of government officials as an indication of impunity for government officials. The laws extensive requirements and uneven enforcement served as major impediments to the development of civil society. Importers of books covering the national movement and the Algerian Revolution must submit the entire text of the books for review, including a secondary review by the Ministry of the Moudjahidine (veterans of the Revolution). Algeria's fertility rate experienced an unexpected upturn in the early 2000s, as the average woman's age at first marriage dropped slightly. into arrondissements, communes, and districts (civilian commisariats). islands in the harbor (now connected to the mainland by jetties). According to a 2012 law, at least 33 percent of seats in elected assemblies are reserved for women. )$24.902 billion (2020 est. )industry: 39.3% (2017 est. Official websites use .gov. and Guelma. Argel (Portuguese, Spanish); Dzayer, Djezar (variant); (Russian), Annaba: Anaba (Portuguese, Spanish); Bona (Portuguese-obsolete, Spanish-obsolete); Bne (obsolete), Bjaa: Bougie, Bedjaya (French); Bidjaia (variant); Bugia (Italian); Bujia (Portuguese-obsolete), Blida: El Boulada, al-Boulaida (variant), Bordj Bou Arrridj: Bordj Bou Ariridj, Borj Bou Arreridj (variant), Chlef: El Asnam, Orlansville (obsolete); Chelif, Ech Cheliff (variant), Constantine: Constantina (Portuguese, Spanish); Costatina (Italian); Qoussantina, Qacentina (Arabic), El Bayadh: El Bayad, El Beyyadh (variant); Gryville (obsolete), Illizi: Polignac, Fort Polignac (obsolete); Ilizi (variant), Jijel: Djidjel (variant); Djidjelli (obsolete), Oasis: Osis Saharianos (Portuguese); Oasis Sahariennes (variant); Saharan Oases (English), Oran: Orn (Spanish); Orano (Italian); Oro (Portuguese); Ouahran, Ouahrane, Wahran (variant), Oum el Bouaghi: Oum el Bouagui (variant); Canrobert (obsolete), Skikda: Philippeville (obsolete); Skidda (variant), Tamanrasset: Tamanghasset, Tamenghasset, Tamenghest (variant); Fort Laperrine (obsolete), Tlemcen: Tilimsene, Tlemsane, Tilimsen (variant); Tremecm (Portuguese-obsolete). On August 12, about 30 members of the Mouwatana movement held a sit-in in Algiers to denounce the fifth term of President Bouteflika. The conclusions of the 2017 ILOs Committee on the Application of Standards recommended that the government accept an ILO direct contacts mission. The law limits the grounds for pretrial detention and stipulates that before it can be imposed, a judge must assess the gravity of a crime and whether the accused is a threat to society or a flight risk. These groups targeted security services personnel in periodic but small-scale attacks. Thousands of Algerian peasants - mainly Berber men from the Kabylia region - faced with land dispossession and economic hardship under French rule migrated temporarily to France to work in manufacturing and mining during the first half of the 20th century. The Ministry of Interior may deny a license to or dissolve any group regarded as a threat to the governments authority or to public order, and on several occasions failed to grant, in an expeditious fashion, official recognition to NGOs, associations, religious groups, and political parties. Defendants have the right not to be compelled to testify or confess guilt, and they have the right to appeal. )crude oil and lease condensate exports: 633,500 bbl/day (2018 est. In recent years the Algerian Government has halted the privatization of state-owned industries and imposed restrictions on imports and foreign involvement in its economy, pursuing an explicit import substitution policy. Libel/Slander Laws: NGOs and observers criticized the law on defamation as vaguely drafted and said the definitions in the law failed to comport with internationally recognized norms. List of Algerian provinces by area This article has been translated from the )imports: 0 cubic meters (2021 est. Women may seek divorce for irreconcilable differences and violation of a prenuptial agreement. It was under the latter that the Barbary pirates operated from North Africa and preyed on shipping beginning in roughly 1500, peaking in the early to mid-17th century, until finally subdued by the French capture of Algiers in 1830. Laws prohibiting parental abduction do not penalize mothers and fathers differently, and the punishment for convicted kidnappers includes the death penalty. Section 2. During the year authorities blocked LGBTI NGOs from organizing meetings. Penalties for noncompliance include a prison sentence of two to six months and a fine ranging from DZD 100,000 to DZD 200,000 ($850 to $1,701) and DZD 200,000 to DZD 500,000 ($1,701 to $4,251) for repeat offenders. These shelters assisted with approximately 220 cases of violence against women during the year. The law forbids legal guardians from forcing minors under their care to marry against the minors will. A 2016 constitutional revision requires the president to consult with the parliamentary majority before appointing the prime minister. Academics and activists said that sub-Saharan African migrants sometimes faced discrimination and that there were tensions in some communities between the native and migrant populations. Freedom to Participate in the Political Process, Section 4. Civilian authorities maintained effective control over the security forces. Government Human Rights Bodies: In 2016 the government replaced the National Consultative Commission for the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights (CNCPPDH) with the CNDH. )investment in inventories: 11.2% (2017 est. WebThe province of Blida is located in the north of Algeria. Several candidates withdrew from the race, claiming that the outcome was a foregone conclusion. )subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 9 (2020 est. ), conventional long form: People's Democratic Republic of Algeriaconventional short form: Algerialocal long form: Al Jumhuriyah al Jaza'iriyah ad Dimuqratiyah ash Sha'biyahlocal short form: Al Jaza'iretymology: the country name derives from the capital city of Algiers, name: Algiersgeographic coordinates: 36 45 N, 3 03 Etime difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)etymology: name derives from the Arabic "al-Jazair" meaning "the islands" and refers to the four islands formerly off the coast but joined to the mainland since 1525, 58 provinces (wilayas, singular - wilaya); Adrar, Ain Defla, Ain Temouchent, Alger, Annaba, Batna, Bechar, Bejaia, Beni Abbes, Biskra, Blida, Bordj Badji Mokhtar, Bordj Bou Arreridj, Bouira, Boumerdes, Chlef, Constantine, Djanet, Djelfa, El Bayadh, El Meghaier, El Meniaa, El Oued, El Tarf, Ghardaia, Guelma, Illizi, In Guezzam, In Salah, Jijel, Khenchela, Laghouat, Mascara, Medea, Mila, Mostaganem, M'Sila, Naama, Oran, Ouargla, Ouled Djellal, Oum el Bouaghi, Relizane, Saida, Setif, Sidi Bel Abbes, Skikda, Souk Ahras, Tamanrasset, Tebessa, Tiaret, Timimoun, Tindouf, Tipaza, Tissemsilt, Tizi Ouzou, Tlemcen, Touggourt, Independence Day, 5 July (1962); Revolution Day, 1 November (1954), history: several previous; latest approved by referendum November 2020amendments: proposed by the president of the republic or through the president with the support of three fourths of the members of both houses of Parliament in joint session; passage requires approval by both houses, approval by referendum, and promulgation by the president; the president can forego a referendum if the Constitutional Council determines the proposed amendment does not conflict with basic constitutional principles; articles including the republican form of government, the integrity and unity of the country, and fundamental citizens liberties and rights cannot be amended; amended 2002, 2008, 2016; last in 2020, mixed legal system of French civil law and Islamic law; judicial review of legislative acts in ad hoc Constitutional Council composed of various public officials including several Supreme Court justices, has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt, citizenship by birth: nocitizenship by descent only: the mother must be a citizen of Algeriadual citizenship recognized: noresidency requirement for naturalization: 7 years, chief of state: President Abdelmadjid TEBBOUNE (since 12 December 2019)head of government: Prime Minister Ayman BENABDERRAHMANE (since 7 July 2021), description: bicameral Parliament or Barlaman consists of:Council of the Nation or Majlis al-Umma (174 seats; two-thirds of members indirectly elected by simple majority vote by an electoral college composed of local assemblies within each wilaya, and one-third of members appointed by the president; members serve 6-year terms with one-half of the membership renewed every 3 years)National People's Assembly or al-Majlis al-Sha'abi al-Watani (407 seats including 8 seats for Algerian diaspora); members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by open-list proportional representation vote to serve 5-year terms); note - in March 2021, President TEBBOUNE ordered the number of Assembly seats be reduced to 407 from 462elections: Council of the Nation - last held on 5 February 2022 (next election NA)National People's Assembly - snap election held on 12 June 2021 (next to be held on 12 June 2026)election results: Council of the Nation - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - FLN 54, RND 22, Future Front 7, National Construction Movement 5, FFS 4, other 6, independent 18, appointed 58; composition - NANational People's Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - FLN 98, MSP 65, RND 58, (Future Front) 48, Movement of National Construction 39, other 15, independent 84; composition - men 374, women 33, percent of women 8.1%; note - total Parliament percent of women 7.3%, highest court(s): Supreme Court or Le Cour Suprme, (consists of 150 judges organized into 8 chambers: Civil, Commercial and Maritime, Criminal, House of Offenses and Contraventions, House of Petitions, Land, Personal Status, and Social; Constitutional Council (consists of 12 members including the court chairman and deputy chairman); note - Algeria's judicial system does not include sharia courtsjudge selection and term of office: Supreme Court judges appointed by the High Council of Magistracy, an administrative body presided over by the president of the republic, and includes the republic vice-president and several members; judges appointed for life; Constitutional Council members - 4 appointed by the president of the republic, 2 each by the 2 houses of Parliament, 2 by the Supreme Court, and 2 by the Council of State; Council president and members appointed for single 6-year terms with half the membership renewed every 3 yearssubordinate courts: appellate or wilaya courts; first instance or daira tribunals, Algerian National Front or FNA [Moussa TOUATI]Algerian Popular Movement or MPA [Amara BENYOUNES]Algerian Rally or RA [Ali ZAGHDOUD]Algeria's Hope Rally or TAJ [Fatma Zohra ZEROUATI]Democratic and Social Movement or MDS [Fethi GHARES]Dignity or El Karama [Mohamed DAOUI]El-Bina (Harakat El-Binaa El-Watani) [Abdelkader BENGRINA]El-Islah [Filali GHOUINI]Ennour El Djazairi Party (Algerian Radiance Party) or PED [Badreddine BELBAZ]Front for Justice and Development or El Adala [Abdallah DJABALLAH]Future Front or El Mostakbel [Abdelaziz BELAID]Islamic Renaissance Movement or Ennahda Movement [Mohamed DOUIBI]Justice and Development Front or FJD [Abdellah DJABALLAH]Movement for National Reform or Islah [Filali GHOUINI]Movement of Society for Peace or MSP [Abderrazak MAKRI]National Construction Movement (Harakat Al-bina' Al-watanii) [Abdelkader BENGRINA]National Democratic Rally (Rassemblement National Democratique) or RND [Tayeb ZITOUNI]National Front for Social Justice or FNJS [Khaled BOUNEDJEMA]National Liberation Front or FLN [Abou El Fadhel BAADJI]National Party for Solidarity and Development or PNSD [Dalila YALAQUI]National Reform Movement or Islah [Djahid YOUNSI]National Republican Alliance or ANR [Belkacem SAHLI]New Dawn Party (El-Fajr El-Jadid) [Tahar BENBAIBECHE]New Generation (Jil Jadid) [Soufiane DJILALI]Oath of 1954 or Ahd 54 [Ali Fawzi REBAINE]Party of Justice and Liberty or PLJ [Djamel Ben ZIADI]Rally for Culture and Democracy or RCD [Mohcine BELABBAS]Socialist Forces Front or FFS [Youcef AOUCHICHE]Union for Change and Progress or UCP [Zoubida ASSOUL]Union of Democratic and Social Forces or UFDS [Noureddine BAHBOUH]Vanguard of Liberties (Talaie El Hurriyet) [Abdelkader SAADI]Workers Party or PT [Louisa HANOUNE]Youth Party or PJ [Hamana BOUCHARMA]note: a law banning political parties based on religion was enacted in March 1997, ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AMF, AMU, AU, BIS, CAEU, CD, FAO, G-15, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAS, MIGA, MONUSCO, NAM, OAPEC, OAS (observer), OIC, OPCW, OPEC, OSCE (partner), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNITAR, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer), chief of mission: Ambassador Ahmed BOUTACHE (since 26 October 2021)chancery: 2118 Kalorama Road NW, Washington, DC 20008telephone: [1] (202) 265-2800FAX: [1] (202) 986-5906email address and website: mail@algerianembassy.orghttps://www.algerianembassy.org/consulate(s) general: New York, chief of mission: Ambassador Elizabeth Moore AUBIN (since 9 February 2022)embassy: 05 Chemin Cheikh Bachir, Ibrahimi, El-Biar 16030, Algermailing address: 6030 Algiers Place, Washington DC 20521-6030telephone: [213] (0) 770-08-2000FAX: [213] (0) 770-08-2299email address and website: ACSAlgiers@state.govhttps://dz.usembassy.gov/, two equal vertical bands of green (hoist side) and white; a red, five-pointed star within a red crescent centered over the two-color boundary; the colors represent Islam (green), purity and peace (white), and liberty (red); the crescent and star are also Islamic symbols, but the crescent is more closed than those of other Muslim countries because Algerians believe the long crescent horns bring happiness, five-pointed star between the extended horns of a crescent moon, fennec fox; national colors: green, white, red, name: "Kassaman" (We Pledge)lyrics/music: Mufdi ZAKARIAH/Mohamed FAWZInote: adopted 1962; ZAKARIAH wrote "Kassaman" as a poem while imprisoned in Algiers by French colonial forces, total World Heritage Sites: 7 (6 cultural, 1 mixed)selected World Heritage Site locales: Beni Hammad Fort (c); Djmila (c); Casbah of Algiers (c); M'zab Valley (c); Tassili n'Ajjer (m); Timgad (c); Tipasa (c). Many schools lacked teachers trained to work with children with disabilities, threatening the viability of efforts to mainstream children with disabilities into public schools. WebAlgiers Province ( Arabic: , Wilyat al-Jazir, [wilaja aldazair]; French: wilaya d'Alger or province d'Alger) is a province ( wilayah) in Algeria, named after its capital, Lawyers reported that authorities usually carried out procedures for warrants and summonses properly. )119.354 (2019 est. Defendants have the right to be present during their trial but may be tried in absentia if they do not respond to a summons ordering their appearance. Should the detention be overturned, the defendant has the right to request compensation. Many civil society organizations, government opponents, and political parties had access to independent print and broadcast media and used them to express their views. Also note that diacritical marks may be different, depending on the method of transliteration used. )$496.547 billion (2019 est. 1831-12-01: By ordinance, Algeria was divided into civil and military territory. For example, some migrant parents allowed their children to be used by organized begging networks, and some families encouraged children to work in the informal sector. Individuals may bring lawsuits, and administrative processes related to amnesty may provide damages to the victims or their families for human rights violations and compensation for alleged wrongs. According to the ministry, there were 14 accredited foreign press agencies reported during the year. as a national language. In all other criminal cases, pretrial detention may not exceed four months. departments of France. 1905-08-14: Territoires du Sud organized into four territories: An Sefra, Ghardaia, Oasis (no capital), and Unions may recruit members at the workplace. If mediation does not lead to an agreement, workers may strike legally after they vote by secret ballot to do so. alterations - were consolidated into a unit called Territoires du Sud. )carbon dioxide emissions: 150.01 megatons (2016 est. The government took steps to investigate, prosecute, or punish public officials who committed violations. The provinces later became divisions. In a divorce, the law provides for the wife to retain the familys home until the children reach age 18. Paris: ditions Fernand Lanore, 1984. The Ministry of National Solidarity, Family, and Women leads a national committee composed of 12 ministries and NGOs that meets yearly to discuss child labor issues. )126.777 (2020 est. A separate January 2017 decree covering religious texts other than the Quran stated, The content of religious books for import, regardless of format, must not undermine the religious unity of society, the national religious reference, public order, good morals, fundamental rights and liberties, or the law. The importer must submit the text and other information, and the ministry must respond within 30 days. Arabic al-Jazairiya from capital city Algiers, which comes from Arabic al-jaza`ir: the islands, for four The person must submit an application for compensation within six months of the dismissal or acquittal. LGBTI activists reported that the vague wording of laws criminalizing homosexual acts and acts against nature permitted sweeping accusations that resulted in multiple arrests for consensual same-sex sexual relations, but no known prosecutions during the year. Although this accreditation is required to operate legally, the vast majority of foreign media were not accredited. Religious workers reported that they had access to prisoners during the year and authorities allowed detainees access to religious observance. organized as annexes. Judges rarely refused requests to extend pretrial detention, which by law may be appealed. Algeria is divided into 48 wilayat (provinces; sing. Throughout the year police dispersed unauthorized gatherings or prevented marching groups of protesters from demonstrating. This table shows the resulting subdivision of Algeria. name is usually the same as the name of its capital, the easiest way to track the changes is to consider them as city Improvements: Authorities improved prison conditions to meet international standards. According to the Ministry of Justice, approximately 12 percent of the prison population was in pretrial detention. $487.716 billion (2021 est. Since the outbreak of violence in northern Mali in 2012, international observers reported an influx of individuals into Algeria across the Malian border inconsistent with traditional migratory movements. According to a 2018 report by the IOM, Algeria has expelled 35,600 Nigeriens to Niger since 2014more than 12,000 in 2018as well as more than 8,000 migrants from other African countries. Detainees Ability to Challenge Lawfulness of Detention before a Court: The Code of Criminal Procedure grants the right to appeal a courts order of pretrial detention. Authorities generally transferred pretrial detainees, after presenting them before the prosecutor, to prisons rather than holding them in separate detention facilities. The Ministry of Interior reported in March to a Senate session that approximately 500 illegal migrants try to enter the country daily along the countrys southern borders. split from Blida; Tissemsilt formed from parts of Alger and Tiaret. The subdivisions were to the now more prevalent in English (and French). ), electrification - total population: 99.4% (2019)electrification - urban areas: 99.6% (2019)electrification - rural areas: 97% (2019), installed generating capacity: 21.694 million kW (2020 est. The government used specific facilities for prisoners age 27 and younger. 1959-11-07: Aumale and Bougie departments abolished and restored to their original departments, except that )imports: 531 million kWh (2019 est. Authorities also use summonses to notify and require the accused and the victim to attend a court proceeding or hearing. )from coal and metallurgical coke: 352,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est. A ban on demonstrations in Algiers remained in effect. ), potatoes, wheat, milk, watermelons, barley, onions, tomatoes, oranges, dates, vegetables, petroleum, natural gas, light industries, mining, electrical, petrochemical, food processing, agriculture: 10.8%industry: 30.9%services: 58.4% (2011 est. Restrictions on freedom of assembly and association as well as restrictions on political party activities inhibited the activity of opposition groups. note: The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained. Local human rights activists reported that prisoners feared reprisals if they reported abuse by authorities during detention or the interrogation process. Algeria is the United States' 3rd-largest market in the Middle East/North African region. According to his lawyers, authorities have not provided any evidence to support the charges. According to the law, associations that apply for accreditation are entitled to receive a response within two months for national organizations, 45 days for interregional-level associations, 40 days for province-level associations, and 30 days for communal organizations. Additionally, the law prescribes up to 20-year imprisonment for the accused, depending on the severity of injuries. The law does not explicitly prohibit discrimination with respect to employment based on sexual orientation, HIV-positive status, or religion. While the government tolerated their operations in the past, the Ministry of Communication said in 2016 it would limit the number of private satellite channels to 13 and foreign-based unaccredited television outlets would be shut down. ), China 18%, France 14%, Italy 8%, Spain 8%, Germany 5%, Turkey 5% (2019), refined petroleum, wheat, packaged medical supplies, milk, vehicle parts (2019), $56.211 billion (31 December 2021 est. There were no reports that the government or its agents committed arbitrary or unlawful killings. ~1962: Name of Bne department changed to Annaba. According to UNHCR, the government did not accept UNHCR-determined refugee status for individuals. The law prohibits torture and prescribes prison sentences of between 10 and 20 years for government agents found guilty of torture. An Defla split from Chlef; An Tmouchent split from Sidi Bel Abbs; Bordj Bou Arrridj split from Stif; ), 2.902 million ALGIERS (capital), 936,000 Oran (2022), at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female15-24 years: 1.05 male(s)/female25-54 years: 1.03 male(s)/female55-64 years: 1 male(s)/female65 years and over: 0.75 male(s)/femaletotal population: 1.03 male(s)/female (2022 est. With this summons, police may hold a suspect for no more than 48 hours. Foreign observers characterized the elections as largely peaceful but pointed to low voter turnout and a high rate of ballot invalidity. The government did not permit young men eligible for the draft who had not completed their military service to leave the country without special authorization. Physical Conditions: There were no major concerns regarding physical conditions in the countrys 48 prisons and detention centers. NGOs also indicated that some migrants were denied treatment at healthcare facilities. The law prohibits workers under age 19 from working at night. )proven reserves: 4,503,900,000,000 cubic meters (2021 est. However, the French language has continued to occupy an Although several total petroleum systems may exist within the Illizi Province, only one composite total petroleum system is identified. The law requires that a minimum level of essential public services must be maintained during public-sector service strikes, and the government has broad legal authority to requisition public employees. The law does not permit those under age 18 to travel abroad without a guardians permission. Copyright 2000, 2001, 2003-2006, 2011, 2013-2015 by Gwillim Law. Representatives of the National Autonomous Union for Public Administration Personnel (SNAPAP) stated that the union continued to function without official status. The DGAPR maintained different categories of prisons that separated prisoners according to the lengths of their sentences. 1983-12-15: Thirty-one departments re-organized to form 48 provinces (as shown in the first table). According to statistics from womens advocacy groups published in the local press, between 100 and 200 women died each year from domestic violence. )forest: 0.8% (2018 est. NGOs reported that judges gave harsher sentences to LGBTI persons. )6.7% of GDP (2020 est. During the year, the CNDH organized seminars and workshops on topics such as penitentiary reform and trafficking in persons. )110.973 (2017 est. The government monitored certain email and social media sites. 1955-08-07: Bne department formed by taking the eastern arrondissements of Constantine department: Bne Prosecutors may apply to a judge to extend the period before arrested individuals can have access to an attorney. At the end of March, the distributor received a notification from the Ministry of Communication to stop importingJeune Afriqueand other titles published by Jeune Afrique Media Group (The Africa ReportandLa Revue). Membership in the Islamic Salvation Front, a political party banned since 1992, remained illegal. The administrative division into departments and territories was based on French practice. phonetics. Of the daily printed publications, the ministry stated six were state-operated. The law also provides for the creation of independent unions, although the unions membership must account for at least 20 percent of an enterprises workforce. The southern border has been clearly defined, but the southern Several opposition political parties claimed voter turnout figures were inflated and that the results were fraudulent. In 2017 the ILO Committee of Experts on the Application of Conventions and Recommendations reiterated that the lengthy registration process seriously impedes the establishment of new unions. According to the NGO Reporters without Borders, private advertising existed but frequently came from businesses with close links to the ruling political party. Opposition parties from across the political spectrum criticized the new law for creating a more complex process for qualifying for the ballot, as well as for establishing an electoral monitoring body whose members would be appointed by the president and parliament, which is controlled by a coalition headed by the presidents party. A bloody eight-year struggle culminated in Algerian independence in 1962. These observers, among others, pointed to the law as a significant source of arbitrary arrests intended to suppress political activism. The Government of Algeria in 1988 instituted a multi-party system in response to public unrest, but the surprising first round success of the Islamic Salvation Front (FIS) in the December 1991 legislative elections led the Algerian army to intervene and postpone the second round of elections to prevent what the secular elite feared would be an extremist-led government from assuming power. A January 2017 decree by the prime minister clarified the process for the Ministry of Cultures review of imported books, both in print and electronic form. )permanent crops: 0.4% (2018 est. Other organizations reported they never received any written response to their application request even after calling the ministry and trying to register at local police stations. )imports of goods and services: -35.8% (2017 est. Press reported 107 protestors were injured along with 51 police and gendarmes. 1977-01-12, returning a population of 17,273,000, according to this source. Exploiters of child labor used methods allegedly learned via the internet to increase their mistreatment of children. The new law also eliminated gender quotas in Parliament, and the June 2021 legislative elections saw female representation plummet. Women did not often have exclusive control over assets that they brought to a marriage or that they earned. The government affirmed there were 101 registered trade unions and employers organizations. The United States recognized Algeria on July 3, 1962, when President John Kennedy issued a congratulatory message to the Algerian people upon their independence from France. Algeria had opted for independence in a referendum on July 1, 1962 , and France recognized Algeria as an independent state on July 3, 1962. Consular Presence The law also stipulates the collection of resources from contributions by the partys members, donations, and revenue from its activities, in addition to possible state funding. The government issued licenses and subsidies to domestic associations, especially youth, medical, and neighborhood associations. In February the Ministry for National Solidarity, Family, and Women and UN Women launched an administrative database, named AMANE, to collect information on violence against women. departments and one territory. Respect for Civil Liberties, Including: b. The law does not place significant restrictions on voter registration, but implementation of voter registration and identification laws proved inconsistent and confusing during past elections. They were There is no official estimate of the poverty income level. The penal code prohibits the detention of suspects in any facilities not designated for that purpose and declared to the local prosecutor, who has the right to visit such facilities at any time. Unlicensed NGOs remained active, but rarely received government assistance, and citizens at times hesitated to associate with these organizations. While the constitution provides for the separation of powers between the executive and judicial branches of government, the executive branchs broad statutory authorities limited judicial independence. Defamation is not a crime but carries a fine ranging from 100,000 Algerian dinars (DZD) to DZD 500,000 ($850 to $4,252). Declining oil prices have also reduced the governments ability to use state-driven growth to distribute rents and fund generous public subsidies, and the government has been under pressure to reduce spending. It can be divided on the basis of language or sometimes other cultural characteristics also play a According to the law, political parties may not receive direct or indirect financial or material support from any foreign parties. Overuse of pretrial detention remained a problem. 1870-10-24: By decree No. )services: 47.4% (2017 est. 2018 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Algeria, An official website of the United States Government. From March 18 until April 8, the ministrys Labor Inspector Service conducted inspections into child labor of 9,748 businessdown from 11,575 businesses the previous year. Since 2015, the government has imposed additional restrictions on access to foreign exchange for imports, and import quotas for specific products, such as cars. Once registered, organizations must inform the government of their activities, funding sources, and personnel, including notification of personnel changes. ), definition: age 15 and over can read and writetotal population: 81.4%male: 87.4%female: 75.3% (2018), total: 31.9%male: 27.8%female: 54% (2021 est. important position as a lingua franca, and place names have continued to be written in the Roman alphabet using French The law on cybercrime establishes procedures for using electronic data in prosecutions and outlines the responsibilities of Internet Service Providers (ISPs) to cooperate with authorities. [8] Webster's Geographical Dictionary. )percent of population: 63% (2020 est. Tamanrasset Algerian state of Arab, its capital is the city of Tamanrasset, occupies the first place among the states of Algeria in FIS membership is illegal. Amnesty International alleged that authorities sometimes detained individuals on security-related charges for longer than the 12-day prescribed period. Defendants may confront or question witnesses against them and present witnesses and evidence on their behalf. A CNDH representative said the organization viewed the most serious human rights concerns as limits on socioeconomic rights, as well as limits on free speech. )permanent pasture: 13.8% (2018 est. Elections for the lower chamber of parliament were held in May 2017 and did not result in significant changes in the composition of the government. According to the International Telecommunication Union, 45 percent of the population used the internet in 2017. 1900: According to Jean-Jacques Sudre, in 1900, mentioning only "clearly definable entities", Algeria was divided Many organizations reported that they never received a deposit slip and that even with the receipt; it was difficult to conduct necessary administrative tasks without formal accreditation. The law prohibits employment by minors in dangerous, unhealthy, or harmful work or in work considered inappropriate because of social and religious considerations. The French southward conquest of the entirety of Algeria proceeded throughout the 19th century and was marked by many atrocities. Otherwise, the judicial police appoint a doctor. ), total population: 78.03 yearsmale: 76.57 yearsfemale: 79.57 years (2022 est. While the Ministry of Interior oversees the accreditation process for most associations, the president of a local assembly approves applications for communal associations. He was charged with sharing intelligence with a foreign power.. Regulations require the shareholders and managers of any radio or television channel to be Algerian citizens and prohibit them from broadcasting content that offends values anchored in Algerian society.. St. Martin's Press, New York, 1981. The country joined the Human Rights Council in 2014 but continued to deny requests for visits from the UN special rapporteurs on extrajudicial executions (pending since 1998) and counterterrorism and human rights (pending since 2006), the UN Working Group on arbitrary detention (pending since 2009), and the UN Security Council Mali Panel of Experts on Sanctions (since 2016). The Polisario (through the Sahrawi Red Crescent Society), UNHCR, WFP, UNICEF, and partner NGOs provided basic services including food aid, primary health care, and primary and secondary education, while the government invested heavily in developing the camps infrastructure and also provided free secondary and university educations, as well as advanced hospital care, to Sahrawi refugees. formed from parts of Annaba and Guelma; Ghardaa split from Laghouat; Illizi split from Ouargla; Khenchela formed from There were reports that authorities held some detainees without access to their lawyers and reportedly abused them physically and mentally. There were no significant reports regarding prison or detention center conditions that raised human rights concerns. The constitution provides workers with the right to join and form unions of their choice, provided they are citizens. The law for the protection of the child criminalizes anyone who economically exploits a child with a penalty of one to three years imprisonment and a fine of DZD 50,000 to DZD 100,000 ($425 to $850); the punishment is doubled if the offender is a family member or guardian of the child. )wine: 0.2 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est. ), production: 87,853,976,000 cubic meters (2019 est. Fekhar was released shortly thereafter, two years after his initial arrest. Authorities arrested Fekhar in 2015 and held him for 22 months without a trial. Their names were Alger (English: Algiers), Sub-Saharan African migrants came to Algeria after its civil war to work in agriculture and mining. )note: data are in 2017 dollars, 7.23% (2021 est. Some observers, including government-appointed human rights officials, attributed overcrowding in pretrial detention facilities to continued overuse of pretrial detention, despite reforms in 2015 that sought to reduce the practice. Human rights issues included unlawful interference with privacy; laws prohibiting certain forms of expression, which were often vague, as well as criminal defamation laws; limits on freedom of the press; restrictions on the freedom of assembly and association including of religious groups; official corruption, including perceptions of lack of judicial independence and impartiality; criminalization of consensual same sex sexual conduct and security force sexual abuse of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and intersex (LGBTI) persons; and trafficking in persons. ANEP stated that it sought to preserve a pluralistic press and freedom of information and noted that it funded opposition newspapers. Postal codes: Algeria uses five-digit postal codes. In 2016 the government created a High Independent Election Monitoring Body, charged with monitoring elections and investigating allegations of irregularities. The law gives the authorities broad power to ban books that run counter to the constitution, the Muslim religion and other religions, national sovereignty and unity, the national identity and cultural values of society, national security and defense concerns, public order concerns, and the dignity of the human being and individual and collective rights. It further prohibits books that make apology for colonialism, terrorism, crime, and racism.. It reported the discovery of four minorsdown from 12 the year before. During the year the DGSN conducted nine training sessions on human rights, including for all new cadets. The governments actions included harassment of some critics; arbitrary enforcement of vaguely worded laws; informal pressure on publishers, editors, advertisers, and journalists; and control of an estimated 20 percent of the countrys advertising money and printing capabilities. According to statistics provided in September, the Ministry of Justices General Directorate for Prison Administration and Resettlement (DGAPR) had responsibility for approximately 63,000 prisoners. An NGO reported that LGBTI men were targeted more often than are women. The law additionally prohibits local periodicals from receiving direct or indirect material support from foreign sources. The government said that it maintained a policy of not removing migrants registered with UNHCR, and that in a few cases it worked with UNHCR to return registered refugees who were mistakenly removed. parts of the Tunisian and Moroccan borders are still in dispute. They also report that owners of public gathering spaces have been told not to rent their locations to certain NGOs. WebAccording to a 2018 report by the IOM, Algeria has expelled 35,600 Nigeriens to Niger since 2014more than 12,000 in 2018as well as more than 8,000 migrants from other African Press outlets report taking extra caution before publishing articles critical of the government or government officials for fear of losing revenue from ANEP. According to the Ministry of Interior, in September there were 70 registered political parties. The clause stipulates that if the victim forgives his or her aggressor, any legal action ceases. The government said that a drop in aid from international donors led to worsening conditions for Sahrawi refugees, and that it had increased its own contributions as a result. The law says any firing or other employment action based on discrimination against union members is invalid. Durable Solutions: The government did not accept refugees from foreign countries for resettlement. WebAlgeria is divided into 48 wilayas (provinces), 553 daras (circles; see [Districts of Algeria]]) and 1541 baladiyahs (municipalities, in French: commune). )-$16.954 billion (2019 est.). There were several strikes launched in reaction to the governments refusal to extend official recognition to fledgling new unions and its practice of engaging only with the UGTA. Labor standards do not protect economic migrants from sub-Saharan Africa and elsewhere working in the country without legal immigration status, which made them vulnerable to exploitation. 1848-12-09: By French presidential decree, the civil territory in each province was elevated to a department of A longtime FLN member, TEBBOUNE ran for president as an independent. The departments were subdivided Security forces conducted unannounced home visits. Hydrocarbon exports enabled Algeria to maintain macroeconomic stability, amass large foreign currency reserves, and maintain low external debt while global oil prices were high. Human rights activists and attorneys, however, asserted that some detainees were held without access to lawyers. Nevertheless, the UGTA remained the only union authorized to negotiate collective bargaining agreements. The CNDH had presented its first draft report to President Bouteflika, but the report had not been made public by years end. )percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 8% (2013 est. Receive small business resources and advice about entrepreneurial info, home based business, The government did not grant UNHCR access to these reception centers but reported that by 2016 most Syrians no longer used the centers. [4] The American Oxford Atlas. During the year the ICRC hosted training sessions on human rights standards related to arrest, detention, and interrogation procedures for judicial police from the DGSN and National Gendarmerie, as well as for judges. For example, female migrants were subjected to debt bondage as they worked to repay smuggling debts through domestic servitude, forced begging, and forced prostitution. After The law imposes an additional requirement that associations obtain government preapproval before accepting foreign funds. Access to Asylum: While the law provides generally for asylum or refugee status, the government has not established a formal system through which refugees can request asylum. Citing the threat of terrorism, the government also prevented overland tourist travel between the southern cities of Tamanrasset, Djanet, and Illizi. Furthermore, the government restricted union activities and the formation of independent unions in certain critical public services sectors, such as oil and gas and telecommunications. The General Directorate of National Security (DGSN) stated that it received 131 complaints of violence or threats by officers and conducted 163 investigations into those threats. A January 2017 decree established a commission within the Ministry of Religious Affairs to review imports of the Quran. ), total dependency ratio: 58.5youth dependency ratio: 48.7elderly dependency ratio: 9.8potential support ratio: 10.2 (2021 est. The National Human Rights Committee (CNDH) said the government had dedicated $12 million to ensure the human rights of migrants during repatriation operations (to include accommodation, food, clothing, health care, medicines, and transportation). List of Algerian provinces by population This article has been translated from the The constitution grants the president authority to appoint all prosecutors and judges. The law does not differentiate between girls and boys in registration of birth. It was unclear whether authorities followed the law in all cases since local authorities had significant discretion and the government did not maintain nationwide statistics. Women enjoyed rights equal to those of men concerning property ownership, and property titles listed female landowners names. As a result, officials suspended six individuals. The government granted such authorization to students and persons with special family circumstances. Some organizations maintained a list of LGBTI-friendly hospitals, and several NGOs operated mobile clinics specifically for vulnerable communities. further divided into subdivisions, which in turn were divided into cercles (circles). The law mandates that online news outlets must inform the government of their activities but does not require them to request authorization to operate. )note: data cover central government debt as well as debt issued by subnational entities and intra-governmental debt, -$4.608 billion (2021 est. Members of the LGBTI community reported that forced marriage was a problem, particularly for lesbian women. Printed editions of the monthly news magazineJeune Afriquehave not been available in the country since April 23. After making a determination, the ministry notifies the customs service of the decision to allow or ban the importation of the publication. Former president Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA, with the backing of the military, won the presidency in 1999 in an election that was boycotted by several candidates protesting alleged fraud, and won subsequent elections in 2004, 2009, and 2014. The judiciary was not impartial and was perceived by some observers to be subject to influence and corruption. The Information and Documentation Center on the Rights of Children and Women, a network of local organizations that promoted the rights of women, managed call centers in 15 provinces. Since 1975, Algeria also has been the main recipient of Sahrawi refugees from the ongoing conflict in Western Sahara (today part of Morocco). The population of the province, which has an area of 1,102 square kilometers, is 1,002,937 according to 2008 data. names. Visit the Definitions and Notes page to view a description of each topic. Academic seminars generally occurred with limited governmental interference. During the year, the government deported migrants to Mali. kitty carlisle frank shankwitz, delaware county community college flea market 2022, silverstone motogp 2022, can pubic hair cause bacterial infection, bridgeport high school wv athletic director, cinderella man mike wilson, how long do omicron night sweats last, christian counseling birmingham, bicol colleges and universities, whfs tapes, statute of limitations manslaughter california, deaths in palm beach county this week, according to jeff the foundation of our industry is, can i eat eggplant that is green inside, lions tour australia 2025 dates,

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