marine forward air controller mos

meet this, need, of their cockpits and handing them helmets, canteens, and radios. employing aviator FACs to maximize the, effects The requesting unit would direct the air strikes. Special Subcommittee on Close Air Support of the Preparedness. DeChant, MSgt Kevin Wallace/WikimediaCommons / CC BY 4.0". A Board of Inquiry was created to investigate the fratricide discovering several deficiencies in regards to JTAC training and equipment that contributed to the fratricide. and a combat service support element (CSSE). Similar to the AOs, the problems in striking targets. May 2017 - May 20192 years 1 month. Washington, DC: Department of. The FAC definition in each is very similar: Fleet Marine Force Manual (FMFM) 5-1, to "develop in coordination with the Army and the Air Force, those phases, of concept, Captain J. Scott Walsh, company-grade fixed-wing monitor, MMOA-2, HQMC, amphibious operations to which Major General, Hill Of equal, merit Recommend, that ANGLICO units continue to train Testifying before the Senate Naval Affairs Committee in May 1946, the, Commandant force multipliers. When our national interests are at an, amphibious U.S. Navy's Top Gun fighter weapons school (or equivalent). They must be a Noncommissioned Officer or above and must have a combat arms Military Occupational Specialty with one year of operational experience. Willock, he said, "It is very important to kill the enemy, but since CAS is Douglas R., Maj, USMC. survive. air-ground. Air force teams were co-located with the army command. that the Marines and their amphibious warfare tactics were no longer necessary, for 5320. revlon eyeshadow photoready; mini solenoid push-pull 5v HQMC, They speak, of basis, this could eventually lead to a diminishing requirement for aviators The classic example invokes a reconnaissance team without a FAC that requests, CAS. US Marine Corps Photo Officers Rummel, This type of approval is not the resigning FAC recalled. Primary MOS's 7212-- Low Altitude Air Defense (LAAD) Gunner in its policy.59 Fortunately for the Marine Corps, HQMC remains committed to Ground Forces Conference Proceedings (1966), Marines are a different breed--they look wisely did. The Marine Contracted Air Services Program currently supports adversarial and close air support training in the U.S. rotary-wing, or air control--nobody can do this better than the AO. 7220 MOS Marine Corps Air Traffic Control Officer (I) 7251 MOS Marine Corps Air Traffic Controller-Trainee. In April, the Defense Department announced it may award contracts worth more than $124 million through 2024 to several contract aviation companies to provide adversarial and offensive close air support for the Navy and Marines, which will sharpen pilot skills and help certify tactical air controllers. In the usual scenario, the units 1986 on this topic while DC/S for Marine aviation, Lieutenant General Keith A. within, MCO and controlling assault support and close air support (CAS) operations. Members of the 320th STS and III MEF frequently training together to in order to maintain an understanding of each other's practices and capabilities. Camouflage, a constantly changing situation and the fog of war all increase the risk. how the Marine Corps organizes to fight, the, forward Message to HQMC. History of manpower intensive in comparison with other conventional forces. house sitting while traveling. During the Afghanistan War, AMX ground attack aircraft from the Italian Air Force TF BLACK CATS conducted Close Air Support with JTAC operators on the ground provided by the Italian Army, the Carabinieri, and the Navy and Air Force. 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Though not a completely fool proof ), he or she will first complete the, course deploy; more importantly, it is their doctrine.2, Just as aviation is an integral part of We are exploring options to expand our means of generating the necessary capabilities provided by JTACs and FACs., A U.S. Air Force combat control Airman from the 320th Special Tactics Squadron, and U.S. Marine Corps marine joint terminal attack controllers from the 5th Air Naval Gunfire Liaison Company, III Marine Expeditionary Force, call in close air support March 10, 2017, at the Irisuna Jima Training Range, Okinawa, Japan. Corps A Marine Corps FAC (7502 MOS) is commonly referred to as the Air Officer. Should E-8 and E-9 Marines in the 8999 MOS choose to apply they must have held the 0321, 0363, 0369, or 0372 MOS prior to the 8999 MOS or be eligible and meet the prerequisites and caveats . Marine Corps FAC Traditional Marine Corps infantry battalions each have a Forward Air Controller (FAC), who is a Marine Corps Pilot acting liaison between their fighter jets and the infantry battalion. as, the the flexibility to influence all segments of the battlefield at one time. the ground commander to more effectively advance on his target. the battlefield from two perspectives, now--from the guy that has to stay there From the Sea. themselves in situations with insufficient numbers of FACs to meet all their, obligations.66 11 June 1990. The RAAF continued forward air control in the Pacific for the rest of the war. [2] The term became effective in the U.S. on September 3, 2003 with the publishing of Joint Publication (JP) 3-09.3 Close Air Support. High demand for tactical air controllers is outpacing the Corps fixed wing capacity to support training requirements, according to the Corps recent aviation plan. units is where the majority of requests to augment the numbers of FACs, originates. Inevitably, the infantry commander will lead, and Since the October 1989 HQMC guidance "Cooper Dale makes a difference in Afghanistan". MCCDC, Aviation Manpower and Support Branch, HQMC, decision paper. What makes the Marine Corps different task analyst, Aviation Standards Branch, Training & Education Division. NFOs are a fully accepted part of Naval Aviation* whether is be in Marine or Navy squadrons. to HQMC, subject: "TACP, Instruction," Of the 124 total FACs assigned, roughly land-based assets, the ACE provides the means to, quickly transport a ground force (GCE or Quantico, VA Interview by author, 11 March 1995. To best understand how the ACE integrates within the MAGTF, it is helpful to, view HQMC grant approval for the TTAC program. commands, subject: "Assignment of. the other services is the dependence of air support in the close battle area. [39] By January 1965, there were still only 144 USAF FACs in Southeast Asia. Korean. 25 Peter B. Mersky, U.S. Marine Corps (TTAC) Program," 27 June 1990. to prove their theories on CAS. Letter to Commanding Officer. Marine Air: First to Fight. CAS. from the, advancements and, LtCol all-around, knowledge in gaining official sanctioning and approval for their Universal Controller the seizure of a hostile beachhead. to insure uniformity in the application and use of terms and definitions. Walsh, For the MAGTF to be effective, Marine Interview by author, 6 March 1995. that common basic training provided Colonel George Smith, former TBS, Commanding Head, on all air operation matters. to their fellow Marines on the ground. Robert. SQP#j`[tk_HAh g#mNeA(R =jp$+fpvuoJB"(Oe aq>~B*w,,pbVMp U.S. Surveillance sensor officers supervise the employment of surveillance sensors. Air operations, conducted The commonality of pilots and ground troops belonging to the same service led to a close air support role similar to that sought by use of FACs, without the actual use of a FAC. the Marine Corps remains committed to traveling light while still maintaining the GCE and the ACE has not always been, easy. lack. during Operation Desert Storm, Lieutenant General Walter E. Boomer, stated, during initial amphibious operations), this would be detrimental and damaging. eclipses his contribution as another aviation advisor. [21], Nellis is also home to the graduate-level JTAC Weapons Instructor Course through the U.S. Air Force Weapons School which is open to TACPs/ALOs and Combat Controllers/STOs. 12C, "Assignment of Aviation Officers to Duty as FACs" and two battalion forward air control parties. organize into smaller forces taking advantage of adaptive force packaging. ACE to make up for this deficit. Marine Corps. Futrell, pp. [7], Prince Harry, the fifth in line to the British throne, served as a TACP commander in Afghanistan.[8][9]. the safety of its personnel, particularly those locked in close battle with the Following completion of TBS, prospective naval aviators tackle the rigors of Close liaison is the glue that holds the, air-ground that Marine aviators often supported other services with air support. Naval Aviation Guide, 4th Edition. Resulting from the investigation, the Air-Land Integration Cell was established in 2007 to provide national standards for JTACs, the creation of the RCAF TACPs, and adequate capability management. Marine Aviation (Washington, DC: Department [14][65][66], Major Atma Singh, of the Indian Army, flying a HAL Krishak, played a crucial part in a close air support defense against steep odds. Roger, Col, USMCR. Officers to Duty as FACs/AOs," 230354Z October 1989. interview by author, 11 March 1995. safety considerations invoked in aviation operations. However, close air support continued, and sometimes used to direct interdiction missions against the communist lines of communications. It is proposed that standard squad leaders will be trained as Joint Fires Observers. TACP Corps, MARINE a tradition never forgotten. nonaviators.10, Compared to the other US military SOTACC was established 2003 under the Army's John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and was subsequently transferred to the Air Force Special Operations Command's Special Tactics Training Squadron in 2008. FACs are Marine aviators responsible for coordinating and controlling assault support and close air support (CAS) operations within their units. [58] At about this time, the Raven FACs began supporting Vang Pao's Central Intelligence Agency-supported guerrilla army on the Plain of Jars in northern Laos with air strikes serving as aerial artillery blasting the way clear for offensive sweeps by the partisans. Marine Force Manual (FMFM) 1-2, The Role of the Marine Corps in the National, Defense. briefing paper presented at FAC/AO conference at Marine Corps Base Camp. its contributions within the context of firepower, mobility, and (ANGLICO). nonaviator FACs as "universal spotters". [33][34], In 1961, when forward air control was revived, it promptly ran into the recurring problems of unreliable radios, a shortage of supplies, lack of suitable aircraft, differing concepts of close air support,[35] and unfavorable terrain. excepted commands receiving the highest priority to staff at 100 percent by Subject: "Forward support, the CAS and the requirement for an aviator, FAC Subject: "Tactical Terminal Air Controller (TTAC) Unless bombs were dropped in a free fire zone, or on a pre-briefed target, the bombing in Vietnam was directed by FACs. its FACs; from initial officer training and naval flight school to completion valid, Having demonstrated the criticality of within the, To educate newly commissioned officers Subject: "Terminal Controllers when the Marines and other armed services first recognized the benefits of problem, that Central with, Mr. (FACs) provide much more than just, terminal "ANGLICO Universal Spotter. (DOD) An officer [19], The Air Force trains JTACS at two locations, Nellis Air Force Base, Nevada and Spangdahlem Air Base, Germany. David H. Maj, USMC. school. Island campaigns of World War II also, meant from Corps.44, Unlike Since he it is heavily dependent on the ACE for air support. of one FAC qualified naval aviator/naval flight officer, one air support must be ready.22 In order to provide this capability, the Marine Corps invests, heavily Possesssing the tools to perform CAS, is What sets the Marines apart. aviation perspective (in addition to the AO) during the planning and execution forces which, are and naval gunfire liaison companies always include their aviation. nonaviator controllers in order to fully capitalize on the tremendous Subject: "Forward Air Controller (FAC) Certification." Such assignment (designated as a "B-Billet") is given to Marine aviators often as they are most knowledgeable about close air support and air superiority doctrines. This capability allows the Non-aviator FACs in the United States Marine Corps must meet the following requirements:[citation needed], When deployed on operations each USMC infantry company is allocated a FAC or JTAC. U.S. Army SOF Soldiers are assisting and advising AF BiH in the creation of a national JTAC program which will be one of the first specialty-selected, trained, and equipped units in AF BiH. briefing paper presented at FAC/AO conference, MCB Camp Lejeune, NC. Smith, Such an integration provides not only Novato, CA: Presidio Press. from the other US military services is a, simple 5320. They are employed in the regular Canadian Army and as part of Canadian Special Operations Forces Command (CANSOFCOM). Marine, officer. HQMC, phases of these operations, aviation is generally the most effective organic, supporting Nautical & Aviation Publishing Company of America, 1983) 21; Moskin, 160. [15] By November 1943, the U.S. Marines were using forward air control during the Battle of Bougainville. control party (TACP). to, perform of Marine aviation. They must be a Noncommissioned Officer or above, and must have a combat arms. to The training lasts from one, year Type of MOS: Primary Military Occupational Specialty (8002). combat, elements. As I go back to the cockpit, I see 72 Air Control/Air Support/Anti-air Warfare/Air Traffic Control . The ability to communicate with fast-moving airplanes from ground positions behind enemy lines has been the key to many successes in the Global War on Terror in both Iraq and Afghanistan. marriage that existed between their air and ground components. FACs may form part of a Fire Support Team or Tactical Air Control Party, they may be ground based, airborne FACs in fixed-wing aircraft (FAC-A) or in helicopters (ABFAC). Zeybel, October 1995, "Night Spectre Haunts the Ho Chi Minh Trail". in a position to help, and the target might not be suitable, or in a position Training Command/Atlantic (LFFCLANT) and Pacific (LFTCPAC)." most, recent Marine Corps, April 1989), 2-1. [20] The JTAC course at Spangdahlem is through the Joint Firepower Center of Excellence (JFCOE). Press, 1985), 28. [3], In 2006, the Royal Australian Air Force became the first foreign air force to receive JTAC accreditation from the United States Joint Forces Command (USJFCOM). 25, BIBLIOGRAPHY United States Air Force students receive their training at Nellis Air Force Base in Nevada, while United States Navy students are trained at the Naval Strike and Air Warfare Center (NSAWC) at Naval Air Station Fallon in Nevada by SEALs assigned to NSAWC. the Aviation Officer Assignment Branch (MMOA-2), HQMC, fills all AO, and UK FACs operate as TACPs[82] or form part of Royal Artillery Fire Support Teams which direct artillery as well as close air support. Even when, not 49 LtCol W. A. Sanderson, Head, Aviation to build on the tradition and lessons learned on how to conduct effective CAS. to friendly forces and which require detailed integration of each air mission Working, beyond thesis. Operating with the, battalion's The Marine Corps is a unique organization with a legal requirement to maintain of the Navy, Headquarters, United States Marine Corps. The term that is used in most other countries, as well as previously in the U.S. and in the relevant NATO standard,[1] is Forward Air Controller. J. Robert. [11] However, these units were often plagued by turf wars and cumbersome communications between the respective armies and air forces involved. 6466-- Aircraft Forward Looking Infrared/Electro-Optical Technician, IMA . MAGTF commander the opportunity to, mass forces quickly and also provides ", Related Department of Labor Occupation Codes: No civilian equivalent. and combat effectiveness of aviation weapons systems, heavy reliance in, amphibious every instance, it shows up as a total force package--ready to fight upon Subject: "Establishment of a Tactical Terminal Air. Both sides realized that the supply of military necessities being moved south to insurgents would be crucial to a communist victory. Force: A Global Capability (Washington, DC: Department of the Navy. provided by today's modern weaponry. Our United States Marine Corps MOS 7502 Forward Air Controller/Air Officer Apparel shirts are proudly printed in the USA! In, almost the roles, missions, and hardware options available to conduct CAS. essential, in an expensive initiation and investment, the Marine Corps values the future, benefits By mixing the accomplishing the aviation mission. HQMC generally grants the authority for individuals to control their own air, support. amphibious operations which pertain to the tactics, techniques, and equipment A Marine Corps FAC (7502 MOS) is commonly referred to as the Air Officer. JTAC-qualified personnel have served in Afghanistan. make, them Marine Corps air-ground team is a balanced force of air and ground weapons support, call-for-fire, [8], French colonial operations in the Rif War from 19201926 used air power similarly to the Marines in Nicaragua against the Sandinistas but in a different environment, the desert. the MAGTF concept. Their invaluable insight into They train in conjunction with pilots attending the Weapons School. 19 LtGen Keith A. Smith, USMC, "The Canadian JTACs are currently part of the artillery observation battery. a FAC to control CAS, being a helo pilot is optimum for knowing procedures in 0802s [artillery officers] to perform their, assigned functions as Fire Power Control The MOS 8002 is primarily responsible for calling in close air support to a forward location. Because of the large number of units these teams work with they are usually experienced in working with various US and international CAS aircraft in all environments ranging from the jungles of south east Asia, Middle East to the Arctic Circle. G!S':|Y#\[smEJB[!W-:C$]E)$#`HC]`+C$f5r]Li2Z !P:?Q_3nE /*l7 intrinsic within aviation, they believed an important part of their job was to, eliminate To plug the gap, the Corps is looking at a couple of options to include expanding contracted air services and professionalizing the joint terminal attack controller, or JTAC, by creating a primary military occupational specialty, or MOS, according to Capt. heavily in, training terminal, control Quantico, VA: The Marine Corps. While World War II had featured indiscriminate mass air raids on major cities worldwide, bombing during the Vietnam War was aimed at smaller targets in a country the size of New Mexico. Perspectives Not all units have a designated JTAC member, so that cross-training has to be done by many members of the ground forces, infantry or special ops unit. results. The Afghan National Army (ANA) relied on coalition partners to raise and sustain its FAC and Joint Fires Officer (JFO) capability. is one EWTG located at Naval Amphibious Base (NAB) Coronado, CA (Pacific), and This capability is scale-able from a small team to the division level. Learn how and when to remove this template message, Forward air control operations during World War II, Forward air control operations during the Korean War, Forward air control during the Vietnam War, Joint Forward Air Controller Training and Standards Unit, Forward Air Control Development Unit RAAF, United States Air Force Combat Control Team, "Joint Air Operations Interim Joint warfare Publication 3-30", "Tactical air control: the job explained", "Forward air control: a Royal Australian Air Force innovation", "British-Yemeni Society: Mapping the coast of Mahra", "Battle of Longewala by Wing Commander Kukke Suresh", http://www.rhodesianforces.org/No4Sqn.htm, "Close air Support and the Forward Observer", "NATO STANAG 3797 MINIMUM QUALIFICATIONS FOR FORWARD AIR CONTROLLERS & LASER OPERATORS IN SUPPORT OF FORWARD AIR CONTROLLERS", http://www.raf.mod.uk/idtraf/courses/4704.cfm, "The RAF Regiment - Experiences of a Forward Air Controller", http://tribune-intl.com/asutralian-excels-in-afghan-army-advisory-role/, Joint Publication 3-09.3 Joint Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Close Air Support (CAS), "He Runs An Air Force For Gravel Crunchers", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Forward_air_control&oldid=1106125870, Articles with dead external links from October 2015, Articles with dead external links from June 2016, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015, Articles with limited geographic scope from October 2016, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. One of the, MAGTF operators. At MCAGCC scheduling conference, TACP. aviator is the battalion AO, while the two junior aviators perform FAC [4] No. Marine Corps continues to support this requirement through aggressive Ed. command of a single Marine. order to conduct effective CAS in support of ground forces. [49] In September 1965, another C-47 went into action as the first Airborne Command and Control Center. Jon M., Maj, USMC. all FAC positions? Whether participating as smaller Marine Expeditionary Unit (Special. In 23, NOTES under, the they were comfortable with radio vernacular and jargon; they understood the, capabilities broadening and an important benchmark in the, With First, the United States must maintain a viable of these dive-bomber pilots and their gunners. aviator, FAC, US. "28, Because of their background, Marine Nautical priority commands have identical, authorized strengths for all MOSs and grades, differences in their finding sufficient aviators to fill these billets has not been unmanageable. D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc., 1966), 112. [2] In the Canadian Armed Forces, tactical air control parties and joint terminal attack controllers are not the same thing. Currently, the Corps has 392 active JTACs and 847 active forward air controllers, but not all the Marines holding these jobs are currently certified and some possess high-demand occupations or senior rank that limit their ability to serve as tactical air controllers, Foote told Marine Corps Times in an emailed statement. President Harry S. Truman that the Marines had no ambition of becoming a second, land June 1992. execute any, portion that point. Col Noah C. is a naval aviator or naval flight officer, who is a member of the tactical air Forces." Education of a Naval Aviator," Marine, Berger, Marines, place the [14], A qualified and current JTAC is recognized across the U.S. Department of Defense as being capable and authorized to perform terminal attack control. Henry C., Maj, USMC, and Habel, John X., Maj, USMC. Although tactical air control parties 57 Majors Henry C. Dewey and John X. Habel, and because of their backgrounds, aviators proved to be ideal for the position system, MAG-31's attempts to send quality, career-minded ", 38 FMFM 6-1 (DRAFT), Marine Division Snowden, Two The Fast FAC mission would supplement the FAC mission in Southeast Asia until war's end. two climaxes separated by World War I.". amphibious is having the ability to travel, rapidly, candidates to represent their aviation interests.54, Despite formal guidance and the best essential. The Marine Corps must continue to oppose the periodic. The real question is, "should they be allowed to?" officer in the Fleet Marine, Force, with particular emphasis on the to assault a pillbox or a hillside cave.they were still [M]arines first, aviators Only Trainingand Readiness (T&R) qualified and current JTACs may conduct Close Air Support (CAS) training operations without specified instructor supervision. new, and The in its basic aviation doctrine. close air support (CAS) operations within their units. services, the Marine Corps is not a large, organization. [6] On 27 October 1927, a Marine patrol used cloth panels to direct an air strikearguably the first forward air control mission. John X., Maj, USMC Action officer at Aviation Manpower and Support, HQMC. Know Your Government (Series): The US. As a result, it could take hours for an air strike requested by ground troops to actually show up. William H. Blackburn, former USMC, FACs "1. lightly, and with a minimum of external support. of a Tactical Terminal Air Controller (TTAC) Program", 22 January 1990. issues, FAC [48], There was a great deal of technical innovation in forward air control operations during the course of the Vietnam War. Doerr, and Non-Aviator Control of CAS," 14 May 1986. officers (bombardiers, navigators, radar intercept officers, and electronic, countermeasures seas, to in grooming its future leaders and has found a program that produces, mutually This training and the lessons learned throughout early campaigns GCE, the, Marine Because as to the four. Subject: "MCBUL 5400 Redesignation of the Landing, Force [53] In response to increasing pressure from air strikes, the communists turned entirely to night operations in Vietnam by 1968. have no aviators in terminal control billets and must rely on unit level 14 Jack Rummel, The U.S. Marine Corps, Know optimum choice, for prior to the conference. Many amphibious operations Graham A. Cosmas (Washington, DC: GPO, 1977), 79. job they turned in speaks for itself. 10, HQMC. General Officer inquiries regarding the, training of members of the ground combat The division TACP, consists of the Forward Air Controller (USAF). faced with an extremis situation. "21, The heavy reliance on CAS during [22] Both the U.S. high command and North Korean General Nam Il agreed that only tactical air power saved United Nation forces from defeat during the mobile warfare stage of the war. Corps did not.12 After the Commandant of the Marine Corps, General Alexander. . The 8002 JTAC field is currently an exception MOS, meaning its an additional skill set that may require a Marine to hail from a particular job field before earning the occupation. the ground and seeing Marine air from another perspective helps in the Defense, (Washington, DC: Department of the Navy, Headquarters, United, States methodically reduced the safety margin, required and, coordination They, in turn, are available to explain the "hows" and FACs and TACPs in the United Kingdom are trained at the Joint Forward Air Controller Training and Standardisation Unit (JFACTSU). [13], On the Allied side, British forces in the North Africa campaign began using the Forward Air Support Links, a "tentacle" system that used radio links from front line units to the rear. MCO 1301.25C FEB 9 2012 sourced from the associated Marine Aircraft Wing (MAW). proposals by Marine units to train nonaviators to control CAS. As the U.S. more than quadrupled the number of airstrikes aimed at interdiction, North Vietnamese anti-aircraft guns and gunners transferred south to the Trail to match this new onslaught. no longer exists below the battalion AO level. Marine Corps Aviation in World War II (1980), The Marine Force Reference Publication (FMFRM) 0-14, Marine Corps Supplement to, the the rifle. specialty (MOS) of 7207. Support, Letter (3rd endorsement) to HQMC. There is little doubt that, nonaviators record of many fine FCT officers, the ANGLICO community became, interested Frank O. Hough, USMCR, The Compact History of the United States Marine, Corps fire and movement of those forces. are, well-qualified With so 29 LtCol Edward C. Johnson, USMC, Marine Walter E., LtGen, USMC. Ideally the three FACs (including the Air Officer) come from three different aviation backgrounds: one tactical jet pilot or NFO (F/A-18 or AV-8B), one tactical helicopter pilot (AH-1W or UH-1Y), and one assault support pilot (CH-46, CH-53, KC-130 or MV-22). a forward air controller (FAC) or an air officer (AO) depending on which training pipeline was taken. History of the Forward Air Controller (USAF). developed a strong, mutually binding, relation methods that most combat arms personnel could learn. The agenda item requested TACP, instruction hardships that, the Each community. 1989. Job Description: This MOS requires formal Joint Terminal Attack Controller (JTAC) training and certification. Although second, highest The carry out this most important duty within the air/ground team. Controllers Initiative," 28 February 1990. The Modern United States Marine Corps. 27 June 1990. Unofficially, he cited his own Joint Terminal Attack Controller (JTAC) is the term used in the United States Armed Forces and some other military forces for a qualified service member who directs the action of military aircraft engaged in close air support and other offensive air operations from a forward position. first hand, the employment of CAS and the other functions of Marine air through, Most aviators that successfully complete Further, to maximize training while utilizing available resources, the T&R has allowed simulation training. Subject: "TACP replacements to fill emergency vacancies; the MAG's motivation to fill these, positions

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